Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a temperate fruit species whose production might be highly impacted by climate change in the near future. Diversity of plant material could be an option to mitigate these climate risks by enabling producers to have new cultivars well adapted to new environmental conditions. In this study, subsets of sweet cherry collections of 19 European countries were genotyped using 14 SSR. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess genetic diversity parameters, (ii) to estimate the levels of population structure, and (iii) to identify germplasm redundancies. A total of 314 accessions, including landraces, early selections, and modern cultivars, were monitored, and 220 unique SSR genotypes were identified. All 14 loci were confirmed to be polymorphic, and a total of 137 alleles were detected with a mean of 9.8 alleles per locus. The average number of alleles (N = 9.8), PIC value (0.658), observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.71), and expected heterozygosity (He = 0.70) were higher in this study compared to values reported so far. Four ancestral populations were detected using STRUCTURE software and confirmed by Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA), and two of them (K1 and K4) could be attributed to the geographical origin of the accessions. A N-J tree grouped the 220 sweet cherry accessions within three main clusters and six subgroups. Accessions belonging to the four STRUCTURE populations roughly clustered together. Clustering confirmed known genealogical data for several accessions. The large genetic diversity of the collection was demonstrated, in particular within the landrace pool, justifying the efforts made over decades for their conservation. New sources of diversity will allow producers to face challenges, such as climate change and the need to develop more sustainable production systems.
INTRODUCTIONCracking of large, firm sweet cherry fruits and the subsequent fungal decay are two great problems in many areas with wet climate such as in Latvia. These factors cause serious losses of yield. It is known that fruit cracking is caused by water absorption through the skin (Christensen, 1973;1996;Sekse, 1998;2008). To protect the fruit surface from rain and subsequent cracking, as well as rotting, and to maintain fruit quality, plastic covers are often used (Meland and Skjervheim, 1998;Balkhoven-Baart and Groot, 2005;Meland, 2005;Simon, 2006). However, some of the systems have not only a positive influence on fruit quality, but also some negative aspects (Lang et al., 2011).Under cover, pest damage caused by cherry aphids (Myzus cerasi) can increase above damage thresholds (Lang et al., 2011) causing reduced growth and yield. However, the slightly shaded conditions under the constructions can promote tree development, growth and yield, and the air temperature can be more stable and suitable. In young orchards, trees under cover can faster fill in the available space with fruit-bearing laterals (Lang et al., 2011).The production of fruit crops under cover (also tunnels) requires a high potential market value to justify the added expense of constructions and orchard management costs. The market returns for fresh sweet cherry fruit could be effective, especially in a market insufficiently supplied with local production, as in Latvia (Skrivele et al., 2008). In this study, we determined the effect of a cover system set up in an orchard at the stage of production. It was thought that the investments of the cover system could be returned in comparably shorter time. The objective of this investigation was to assess the reaction of the cultivars grown under the VOEN cover system. MATERIAL AND METHODSThe study on the effects of the VOEN cover (www.voen.eu) was conducted in 2009-2012 on two cultivars (early ripening 'Iputj' (syn. 'Iput') and medium ripening 'Krupnoplodnaya') in an orchard, where one part of the trees was covered. The trial was performed with three replications. Cultivars were placed alternately with three trees per plot.The study was set in a trial orchard planted in 1998 (Ruisa and Rubauskis, 2004), in which the effect of rootstock and soil ammendment was studied previously. In the present study, the effect of rootstock and soil ammendment not considered and the average data for trees on rootstocks Gisela 4, Gisela 5 and Weiroot 154 were used. The VOEN cover system was installed in 2008. Tree canopy was fitted to the cover system by reducing tree height, narrowing and renewing tree canopy in the second part of the growth season. The same procedure was performed in In 1998, a trial was established with cultivars 'Iputj' and 'Krupnoplodnaya' at the Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing. A VOEN covering system was installed on part of the orchard in summer 2008. Considerable lowering of the canopy and renewed pruning were carried out throughout the trial. During 2009-2012, sweet cherry growth, y...
The productivity of sour cherries grown in Latvia is insufficient. Yielding of sour cherries can be advanced providing appropriate soil moisture and control of diseases. Cherry leaf spot as well as spur and twig blight are the most important sour cherry diseases which cause economical losses of the yield. The influence of woodchip mulch and drip irrigation on sour cherry yielding and resistance to the diseases is investigated. The drip irrigation and woodchip mulch increased the yield of cherries. The cultivar ‘Bulatnikovskaya’ was the most productive. Drip irrigation slightly improved resistance to cherry leaf spot for the cultivars ‘Zentenes’, ‘Orlica’ and ‘Tamaris’.
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