The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Definition 1.2. Types of Plasticization 1.3. Types of Plasticizer 2. Plasticizers in Common Use 2.1. Market Overview 2.2. Phthalate Esters 2.3. Adipate Esters 2.4. Trimellitate Esters 2.5. Phosphate Esters 2.6. Sebacate and Azelate Esters 2.7. Polyester Plasticizers 2.8. Sulfonate Esters 2.9. Specialty Phthalate Esters 2.10. Secondary Plasticizers 3. Mechanism of Plasticizer Action 3.1. The Lubricity Theory 3.2. The Gel Theory 3.3. The Free‐Volume Theory 3.4. Solvation–Desolvation Equilibrium 3.5. Generalized Structure Theories 3.6. Specific Interactions and Interaction Parameters 4. Plasticized PVC 4.1. Applications Technology 4.1.1. Suspension PVC 4.1.2. Emulsion PVC 4.2. Effect of Plasticizer Choice on the Properties of Flexible PVC 4.2.1. Plasticizer Efficiency 4.2.2. High‐Temperature Performance 4.2.3. Low‐Temperature Performance 4.2.4. Gelation Properties 4.2.5. Migration and Extraction 4.2.6. Plastisol Viscosity and Viscosity Ageing 4.2.7. Windscreen Fogging 4.2.8. Summmary 5. Plasticization of Polymers Other Than PVC 5.1. Requirements for Plasticization 5.2. Plasticization of Other Polymers 6. Toxicology and Environmental Aspects 6.1. Toxicity Studies on Plasticizer Esters 6.2. Plasticizers in the Environment 6.3. Storage and Handling
A plasticizer is a substance the addition of which to another material makes that material softer and more flexible. Most often plasticizers are materials which, when added to a polymer, cause an increase in the flexibility and workability, brought about by a decrease in the glass‐transition temperature, T g , of the polymer. The most widely plasticized polymer is poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) due to its excellent plasticizer compatibility characteristics, and the development of plasticizers closely follows the development of this commodity polymer. This article provides an overview of the important types of plasticizers which exist, and gives details of manufacture and how different production methods and starting materials affect the properties of the plasticizers. The mechanism of action of plasticizers is described, in terms of plasticization theory and the chemical modifications that occur during this process, which account for the excellent performance of some plasticizer molecules and the apparently poor softening ability of others. These effects are used to make products that are familiar to daily life and a change of plasticizer can produce changes in the properties of a wallcovering, a cable sheathing, etc. The current legislative and toxicological status of plasticizers are thoroughly reviewed to provide information about the environmental effects of this widespread use of these products.
Gas-liquid partition chromatography has been used for the first time to determine accurate vaIues of the limiting activity coefficients of Ca-Ca alcohols in squalane over the temperature range 50-70'. A newly devised data-treatment procedure was used to circumvent the problems of liquid and solid support interfacial adsorption which occur in these systems, and which have plagued previous chromatographic investigations. The results validate the corrective procedure used, thus allowing the extension of chromatographic teohniques to the study of the thermodynamics of such systems.
The g.1.c. technique has been employed to measure formation constants of, and thermodynamic parameters for, complexes formed between benzene, toluene, and the xytenes and di-n-propyl tetrachlorophthalate in the temperature range 60--80°C.Infinite-dilution activity coefficients lor the aromatic compounds in squalane are also obtained and interpreted. The method is shown to be competitive with existing techniques, and to offer a number of important advantages for studies in organic media.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.