The experimental basis for the postulated role of intrinsic ionophores in mitochondrial ion transport and energy coupling is summarized. Intrinsic ionophores appear to be linked to, or contained within, specific ionophoroproteins localized in the inner membrane, and the isolation of these ionophores requires their release from the ionophoroproteins. At least ten different species of ionophores have been isolated from the mitochondrion, five of which have been wholly or in part chemically identified. Intrinsic ionophores have been implicated in the activation of inorganic phosphate in ATP synthesis and hydrolysis, and in the control of the coupling modes. The presence of ionophores in soluble proteins such as troponin and in ATP-energized kinases has been demonstrated.Ionophores occupy a central position in energy coupling systems by virtue of their unique capability for charge separation (1, 2). The present communication has two objectives-first, to summarize the rapidly growing body of experimental evidence relevant to the intrinsic ionophores of the mitochondrion, and second, to provide a framework and perspective for the new field of experimental inquiry revolving about these intrinsic ionophores.Historical. The use of antibiotic ionophores in the study of energy coupling in mitochondria has a long history dating back to the discovery by Dubos and Hotchkiss (3) that the polypeptide antibiotics produced by Bacillus brevis, collectively referred to as gramicidin, were uncouplers of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (4, 5) and facilitated the movement of K+ across bacterial membranes (6). Lardy (7,8) and Pressman (9, 10) have been the pioneers in examining the modulating role of antibiotic ionophores on mitochondrial energy coupling and in introducing the use of antibiotic ionophores for the study of energy coupling. Eisenman (11,12) and Eigen (13) have developed the framework of principles which underlie the transport of ions across membranes by antibiotic ionophores. In recent years, ionophoretic activity has been demonstrated in a wide variety of molecular structures (14); moreover, the synthetic chemist has shown great aptitude in designing molecular structures that exhibit ionophoretic capability (14).The curious point is that, although these experimental and theoretical developments established beyond peradventure that ionophores were active at incredibly high dilutions in facilitating ion transport, and provided the perfect models for the natural mediators of active transport and ion movements generally, nonetheless there was great reluctance, nay strong opposition, to taking the next obvious step of identifying the natural mediators of ion movements as ionophores. What was the basis for this resistance to the next obvious step? There were three main reasons. First, since extrinsic ionophores were antibiotics and potentially lethal reagents, the presence of natural counterparts of these ionophores in coupling systems was deemed to be highly improbable. Second, the concept of fixed channels i...
A K+/Ca2+ electrogenic ionophore has been isolated from an ionophoroprotein of beef heart mitochondria and identified as a neutral peptide of molecular weight 1600. The amino acid composition and cationic specificity of the ionophore have been determined. The free ionophore was released from the ionophoroprotein as a consequence of tryptic digestion. The ionophoroprotein can be converted to an ionophoropeptide (molecular weight 5100) by proteolysis without release of the free ionophore. The isolation of a K+/Ca2+ ionophore thus provides an introduction to the general technology of extracting ionophoroproteins and of releasing ionophores from these proteins by proteolytic digestion. Blondin and Green (1) have invoked direct coupling as the principle underlying mitochondrial energy coupling; the paired moving charge model translates that principle (1-3). A crucial prediction of the model is a major commitment of the inner mitochondrial membrane to ionophore-mediated coupled processes. The following experimental studies have fully confirmed this commitment: (a) intrinsic ionophores have been implicated in the mechanism of uncoupling (4); (b) energy coupling in cytochrome oxidase has been shown to depend upon the electrostatic interaction of an electron in the electron transfer complex with a positively charged ionophoric species in the ionophore transfer complex intrinsic to the oxidase (5); (c) the activation of Pi and ADP-the critical processes in coupled ATP synthesis and hydrolysis-have been shown to be ionophore-mediated and cation-dependent (R. J. Kessler, H.
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