The properties of five bilaterally symmetrical features of the leaf blades of the small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) in four populations of the Moscow Region in 2014–2017 were studied. The angle trait was excluded, because it possessed the property of directional asymmetry. Instead, a new linear trait was used: the distance between the base of the second vein of the first order and the base of the first vein of the second order on the first vein of the first order. The population difference in fluctuating asymmetry (FA) was found only in the first two traits (leaf width and distance between the bases of the first vein of the first order and the second vein of the second order). The largest value of FA was in the urban environment, the smallest was in the rural areas. A weak negative correlation was obtained between the magnitude of linear characteristics and the value of FA, as well as a weak positive correlation relationship between the values of FA in five traits. The first trait had the highest fluctuation variability, and the second one had the highest plastic variability. The regression dependence of the fluctuation variability on the plastic variability (b1 = 0.25, p <0.05) and the dependence of these two types of variability on the interaction of the factors “year” and “site of sampling” were revealed. Thus, the conclusion was made about the conjugacy of two types of variability: fluctuation and plastic. According to the authors, asynchronous growth, competition for light in conditions of high solar activity in 2014–2016 compared to the abnormal wet summer of 2017 led to an increase in FA due to destabilization of mechanisms of growth and regulation of gene expression, which contributed to a decrease in the stability of development. The increase in FA and the decrease in the developmental stability in urban ambient in 2016 could be due to: a)an intensive flow of vehicles in spring and summer, b) a high level of groundwater in this part of the city and c) increased hydrolytic acidity of the soil.
The features of asymmetry and shape of small-leaved linden leaf blades (Tilia cordata Mill.) on the Kola Peninsula (Murmansk region, Kirovsk) and in the middle part of Russia (Moscow region, Orekhovo-Zuevo) were studied. The size of leaf blades in the northern population (Murmansk oblast) was significantly smaller (p <0.0001). Five linear traits had non-directional fluctuating asymmetry (FA). The method of geometric morphometrics showed a higher variability of leaf shape in the northern population compared to the southern one. Leaves differed in shape upon re-collection, and the leaf × side factor interaction showed the presence of FA in both populations (Goodall’s F criterion in the northern population was 31.7; in the southern – 92.3; p <0.0001). A high value of directional asymmetry was noted in the population on the Kola Peninsula (p <0.0001). The asymmetry of the shape did not depend on size of the leaf blades. According to linear features, plastic variability, especially in the northern population, strongly correlated with fluctuation variability (r = 0.81-0.82; p <0.05). The obtained data allows us to conclude that method of geometric morphometrics was more complex in determining the stability of development. FA was higher in the southern population, while directional asymmetry with a weak expropriation of FA was higher in the northern population. High latitude did not affect the decrease in developmental stability in terms of FA, but led to a decrease in the area of leaf blades with directional asymmetry.
The variability of bilateral structures is associated with the stability of development; the populations attribute which characterizes homeostasis of plant development at the epigenetic level. A violation in the functioning of regulatory proteins creates a deviation from the norm in fluctuating asymmetry, as a measure of ontogenetic noise. To test the variability of the shape and asymmetry of winter rye leaf plates depending on the dose of mineral fertilizer, we used the Generalized Procrustes analysis and the thin splines method. A small dose (N90P90K90) caused the apical growth and the fluctuating asymmetry of the leaf plate, indicating a reduced development stability of the population (p <0.0001), the “side” factor was statistically insignificant. The interaction side × individual was statistically significant at both doses of fertilizer. The bending energy of the thin spline was higher (p = 0.001) in population with an increased dose of fertilizer (N90P90K90) and high directional asymmetry (“side”; p <0.0001). The authors consider that a high dose of fertilizer contributed to the synthesis of cells in the medial part of the leaf blade and caused asymmetry in a mix of fluctuating and directional asymmetry. Thus, an increased dose of mineral fertilizer enhanced the growth of the lateral part of the leaf blade and led to directional asymmetry, which reduced the asymmetric variability and increased the variability of the shape in the leaf blade.
The article describes the role of the gas industry in the fuel and energy complex of Russia. The dynamics and structure of gas production are considered. A forecast is given for gas production volumes for 2021 and 2022. Particular attention is paid to the key challenges of the industry, as well as the measures required to address them.
Пчелинцева Нина Васильевна, доктор химических наук, профессор кафедры органической и биоорганической химии Института химии, Саратовский национальный исследовательский государственный университет имени Н. Г. Чернышевского, PchelinzevaNV555@mail.ru Федотова Ольга Васильевна, доктор химических наук, заведующий кафедрой органической и биоорганической химии, директор Института химии, Саратовский национальный исследовательский государственный университет имени Н. Г. Чернышевского, Fedotova_ov2rambler.ru Крылатова Яна Георгиевна, кандидат химических наук, доцент кафедры органической и биоорганической химии Института химии, Саратовский национальный исследовательский государственный университет имени Н. Г. Чернышевского,
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