The oral secretion of herbivores triggers chemical defenses in plants. When subjected to simultaneous or sequential attack by herbivores, plants emit volatile compounds of varying chemical nature, which can interfere with the attraction of natural enemies. This study investigates the profile of volatile compounds emitted by transgenic soybean (Bt M6210 IPRO) plants infested with Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). To this end, we used a method without leaf maceration. For plant infestation, 100 T. urticae mites per plant were used for one day and, subsequently, 2 A. gemmatalis caterpillars for 36 hours. Volatile compounds produced after infestation were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis showed differences between groups of compounds and explained 77.5% of the variation in volatiles. There are chemical differences between the emission of compounds according to the type of herbivory. It is concluded that soybean plants infested in a single (T. urticae) or multiple (T. urticae followed by A. gemmatalis) way trigger the production of volatile compounds that can be used as chemical traces to direct the foraging of natural enemies. The possible functions of volatiles produced after herbivory are discussed.
Plant-induced resistance can be an important component of soybean mites biological control programs. This work evaluates the preference of predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to soybean plants under single and multiple herbivory conditions by two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), and velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Using a Y olfactometer, the following scenarios were evaluated: soybean with no infestation and soybean infested with A. gemmatalis; soybean infested with T. urticae and A. gemmatalis, and soybean infested with T. urticae and with both T. urticae and A. gemmatalis. Volatile compounds released by plants were analyzed and identified by a Trace GC Ultra gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer with a solid phase micro-extraction ion-trap. The predatory mite N. californicus preferred soybean plants infested with T. urticae compared to those infested with A. gemmatalis. Multiple infestation did not interfere with its preference to T. urticae. Multiple herbivory of T. urticae and A. gemmatalis modified the chemical profile of volatile compounds emitted by soybean plants. However, it did not interfere with the search behavior of N. californicus. Out of the 29 identified compounds only five promoted predatory mite response. Thus, regardless of single or multiple herbivory by T. urticae with or without A. gemmatalis, the indirect induced resistance mechanisms operate similarly. As such, this mechanism contributes to an increase in the encounter rate between predator and prey for N. Californicus and T. urticae, and the efficacy of biological control of mites on soybean.
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