a b s t r a c tHospital and healthcare facilities have diverse indoor environment due to the different comfort and health needs of its occupants. Currently, most ventilation studies revolve around specialised areas such as operating rooms and isolation rooms. This paper focuses on the ventilation of multiple-bed hospital wards in the tropical climate, taking into account the design, indoor conditions and engineering controls. General ward layouts are described briefly. The required indoor conditions such as temperature, humidity, air movements and indoor air quality in the ward spaces are summarized based on the current guidelines and practices. Also, recent studies and engineering practices in the hospital indoor environment are elaborated. Usage of computational fluid dynamics tools for the ventilation studies is discussed as well. As identified during the review, there is an apparent knowledge gap for ventilation studies in the tropics compared with temperate climates, as fact studies have only been published for hospital wards in countries with a temperate climate. Therefore, it is highlighted that specific tropical studies along with novel engineering controls are required in addressing the ventilation requirements for the tropics.

A lot of attention is being paid to wind energy due to the focus on renewable energy. Malaysia is situated in the equatorial region and its climate is governed by the monsoons. Wind resource in Malaysia varies from one location to another. Wind speed is better offshore compared to onshore, so more contribution by offshore wind powers in terms of electricity generation. Wind energy potentiality and techno-economic feasibility of offshore wind farms in Malaysia is investigated in this paper. Research was conducted using HOMER software to assess the potential of wind energy along the South China Sea coastline. This study indicates the best sites to set up offshore wind farms in Malaysia while costs associated for wind energy generation are calculated. Two model of the wind turbines Vestas V-47 and V-80 are taken for economic feasibility analyses. Investment, operation and maintenance costs have been evaluated for offshore wind energy. Feed-in tariff policy effects energy price and wind farms profitability were analyzed.

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Offshore facilities have diverse operational requirements due to the difference in user populations and the design intent of the facilities. Most facilities design is focused on the process requirements rather than the operations of the facilities. This paper focuses on the operational perspective in the design of offshore facilities. The term operational perspective covers all handling of materials, human machine interfaces and managing people in offshore facilities. General operational concerns are described briefly. The operational needs such as handling provisions, human factors and regulatory compliance for the offshore facilities are summarized based on the current practices. Also, recent development and engineering practices in the offshore facilities operation are elaborated. Usage of human factors tools and others operational studies in design development activities are discussed as well. As identified during the review, there is a common aim from operational and process that is to produce a reliable and safe facilities design. Any apparent gap between the operational requirements and current offshore facilities design products may result in low efficiency, higher risks exposure and lost time injuries. And these would be faced by the operator through the facilities life. In addition, there is a growing demand in the industry that stresses lower manning in the facilities, focused on operational needs and safety culture. Therefore, a cohesive approach during early design phase is required in addressing these gaps. Systematic approaches are elaborated in this paper during early design phase to create better solutions and reducing modification works throughout the facilities life.

Human Factor Engineering (HFE) addresses interactions in the work environment between people, a facility and its management. FLNG projects bring new HFE challenges with more equipment items that are often larger and often more sophisticated than previously deployed offshore. Deployment of HFE is most cost efficient when started in the early design stages. Timely application of HFE can bring many benefits such as:Designing to allow operation and maintenance throughout the facility’s life considering every single task requiring handling of mechanical components and verification of the FLNG operation and maintenance teams’ resources.Holistic material handling system designBetter construction planning This paper will present the findings and lessons learned from engineering and construction of recent offshore LNG facilities by TechnipFMC. The perspective of operation and maintenance teams is considered in the HFE process to ensure that experiences and needs are incorporated in the new design. The findings and lessons learned are summarized under keywords for further discussion and recommendation. Codes, standards and guidelines that are relevant to HFE and material handling are discussed to establish if there is adequate coverage of the requirements for the design, construction and operation of FLNG. Although the discussions of human factors are based on case studies from offshore facilities such as FLNG and large gas processing platforms, the observations and recommendations could be extended to other types of oil and gas facilities.