Refractory wear and skull growth on the hearth walls and the bottom of the blast furnace have been researched. A series of thermocouples were installed in the hearth, and the temperature measurements were recorded in a structured query language every minute. A heat transfer model was used to study the temperature evolution and hearth wear profile using a commercial software package (MATLAB version 5.0) based on computational fluid dynamics. The location of the 1150uC isotherm in the hearth lining has been calculated. An online monitoring tool was used to analyse the temperature distribution in the hearth and offers, to the plant operators, periodic information on the refractory state. Electromotive force (EMF) probes were installed in the hearth to estimate the variations in the liquid level in the hearth and to determine the thermal state (TS) evolution. Good correlation is seen between EMF and TS, and the EMF amplitudes in the different tapholes follow and even precede the local TS.

No abstract

The blast furnace is a countercurrent reactor in which a reducing gas is produced by coke gasification with the oxygen blown in via tuyeres. The reducing gas flows upwards, reducing the iron ores charged at the top of the furnace. It is a very complex process with many influencing and correlating factors. Its productivity is the quotient between possible gas throughput per unit of time and required specific gas generation for 1 tonne of hot metal obtained, and its permeability is a measure of the gas ability to pass through the bed of solid materials. The objective of 'high levels of injection of pulverised coal' is not only compatible with productivity, but also even necessary to increase blast furnace productivity. In this sense the helium tracing technique consists of injecting He at the tuyeres with its arrival at the blast furnace top being detected by a mass spectrometer. With this measurement it is possible to define the transfer time as the delay between the injection moment and the time when the helium concentration reaches 10% of the maximum detected level. Calculated variables from the measurements allow a concise characterisation of the blast furnace state. These gas transfer measurements can be considered as a new tool to evaluate the state of a furnace at a specific moment. The main advantage will be that by employing only one measurement it will be possible to evaluate the furnace state.