A tiled-grating assembly with three large-scale gratings is developed with real-time interferometric tiling control for the OMEGA EP Laser Facility. An automatic tiling method is achieved and used to tile a three-tile grating assembly with the overall wavefront reconstructed. Tiling-parameters sensitivity and focal-spot degradation from all combined tiling errors are analyzed for a pulse compressor composed of four such assemblies.

Two large-aperture tiled-grating (1.5 m) compressors, each consisting of four sets of tiled-grating assemblies, have been built for the OMEGA EP high-energy petawatt-class laser system. The techniques used for tiling individual tiled-grating assemblies and for optimizing the overall performance of a tiled-grating compressor are described. Both compressors achieved subpicosecond pulse duration without tiling-induced temporal degradation. A ray-tracing model predicted that the static wavefront of the grating tiles dominated focal-spot degradations when submicroradian tiling accuracy is achieved. The tiled-grating compressors delivered a tighter focal spot compared with subaperture grating compressors with single central tiles.

We report the first experimental results and simulations that demonstrate a substantial effect of large-scale front-surface target structures on high-intensity laser-produced positrons.Specifically, as compared to a flat target under nominally the same laser conditions, an optimized Si microwire array target yielded a near 100% increase in the laser-to-positron conversion efficiency and produced a 10 MeV increase in positron energy. Full-scale particle-in-cell simulations that modeled the entire positron production and transport process starting from laser-plasma interactions provided additional insight into the beneficial role of target structuring. The agreement between experimental and simulated spectra suggests future target structure optimization for desired positron sources.Electron-positron pair plasmas are found in various extreme astrophysical objects, such as pulsars, bipolar outflows, active galactic nuclei, and gamma ray bursts 1 . Producing a pair plasma

High intensity laser-solid interactions can accelerate high energy, low emittance proton beams via the target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) mechanism. Such beams are useful for a number of applications, including time-resolved proton radiography for basic plasma and high energy density physics studies. In experiments using the OMEGA EP laser system, we perform the first measurements of TNSA proton beams generated by up to 100 ps, kilojoule-class laser pulses with relativistic intensities. By systematically varying the laser pulse duration, we measure degradation of the accelerated proton beam quality as the pulse length increases. Two dimensional particle-in-cell simulations and simple scaling arguments suggest that ion motion during the rise time of the longer pulses leads to extended preformed plasma expansion from the rear target surface and strong filamentary field structures which can deflect ions away from uniform trajectories and therefore lead to large emittance growth.

Focusing effect of laser-driven positron jets by self-generated target sheath fields has been observed for the first time experimentally and the results are supported by the computational studies. In the experiment, OMEGA EP short-pulse (0.7 ps, 500 J) irradiates mm-size gold targets with a concave back surface and reference flat-surface targets. Both targets exhibited positrons with quasi-monoenergetic energy peaks while targets with concave curvature also showed increased number of positrons at the detector. The data is consistent with hybrid-PIC simulations confirming that the time-varying electric fields driven by electrons escaping from the target significantly change the trajectories of positrons. These simulations show a small radius of curvature on the rear side increases the relative focusing effect and the positrons to electrons ratio in the escaping plasma. For the smallest radius of curvature, positron jets that are up to 10 times denser can be achieved.