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Chapter 2 Theory of electrolytes 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The structure of water PANEL 2: Polywater: The water that never was 2.3 Electrolyte solutions 2.4 Interactions in an electrolyte 2.5 Activities of ions 2.6 Debye-Hfickel limiting law 2.7 Solid electrolytes 2.8 Problems 2.9 Answers Chapter 3 The electrified Interface 3.1 Introduction 3.2 An electrode as giant ion PANEL 3: Electric fish 3.3 The structure of the double layer vii viii Contents 3.4 What can be measured at a double layer 41 3.5 Theories of the double layer 44 3.6 Electrochemical potentials 50 3.7 Electrokinetic effects 3.8 Problems 56 3.9 Answers 57 Chapter 4 Electrodes and electrochemical cells S9 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Definitions 61 4.3 Electrode potential 63 4.4 Writing electrochemical cells and potentials 69 4.5 Types of electrodes 4.6 Electrode potentials and activities 4.7 Concentration cells and membrane equilibria 75 PANEL 4: Prehistoric battery 4.8 Thermodynamics of cells 4.9 Some applications of equilibrium electrochemical cells 4.10 Problems 4.11 Answers Chapter 5 Ion transport. diffusion and hydrodynamics 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Forces and movement 90 PANEL 5: Electrodeposited fractals 5.3 Fick's Laws of Diffusion 5.4 Conductivity of electrolytes 5.5 Theories of the conductivity of electrolytes 5.6 More about ion transport 106 5.7 Mobility and diffusion 5.8 Hydrodynamics 113 5.9 Problems 5.10 Answers 118 Chapter 6 Electrochemical kinetics 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Faraday's Laws 122 6.3 The course of an electrochemical reaction 122 6.4 The Butler-Volmer equation 124 Contents Ix 6.5 Other sources of overpotential 133 6.6 Multistep reactions 135 6.7 More about electrode kinetics 135 6.8 Photoelectrochemistry 137 6.9 Problems 138 6.10 Answers 139 Chapter 7 Techniques of electrochemistry 143 Chapter 9 Electroanalytlcal chemistry: potentiometric methods 190 9.1 Introduction 190 9.2 Potentiometric methods of analysis 9.3 Conductiometric analysis 210 9.4 Problems 212 9.5 Answers 215 Chapter 10 Electroanalytlcal chemistry: voltammetry and coulometry 221 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Polarography PANEL 10: Electrochemistry in the dentist's chair 222 x Contents 10.3 Voltammetry 237 10.4 Amperometric titrations 10.5 Coulometry and electrogravimetry 10.6 Problems 249 10.7 Answers 250 Chapter n Electrochemlcal synthesis 2S4 11.1 Introduction PANEL 11: Victor Frankenstein: An early bioelectrochemist 11.2 Experimental methods 11.3 Mechanistic aspects 11.4 Types of electrosynthetic reaction 11.5 Examples of organic electrochemical synthesis 11.6 Examples of inorganic electrochemical synthesis 11.7 Problems 11.8 Answers Chapter 12 Industrial electrochemlstry 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Electrochemical engineering PANEL 12: The story of electrolysis 12.3 The chlor-alkali industry 12.4 Metal winning, refining and finishing 12.5 Electrolysis of water 12.6 Electrochemical preparation of organic compounds 12.7 Problems 12.8 Answers Chapter 13 Batteries and fuel cells 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Definitions 13.3 Energetics of batteries PANEL 13: Battery research in the 18305: J. F. ...

Chemical data analysis, with aspects of metrology in chemistry and chemometrics, is an evolving discipline where new and better ways of doing things are constantly being developed. This book makes data analysis simple by demystifying the language and whenever possible giving unambiguous ways of doing things. Based on author D. Brynn Hibberts lectures on data analysis to undergraduates and graduate students, Data Analysis for Chemistry covers topics including measurements, means and confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, analysis of variance, and calibration models. The end result is a compromise between recipes of how to perform different aspects of data analysis, and basic information on the background principles behind the recipes to be performed. An entry level book targeted at learning and teaching undergraduate data analysis, Data Analysis for Chemistry makes it easy for readers to find the information they are seeking to perform the data analysis they think they need.

Theoretical models of the conventional thick-film enzyme electrode and monolayer electrodes are used to determine the important parameters in defining the response of both types of biosensors with regard to their reproducible fabrication. The response of the thick-film biosensors are very sensitive to the thickness of the enzyme layer and therefore highly precise methods of depositing the enzyme layer are required if reproducible biosensors are to be manufactured. Covalent attachment of an enzyme to a monolayer of alkanethiols self-assembled onto a gold electrode could potentially provide this more precise fabrication method. A model for monolayer enzyme electrodes gives an excellent fit to an experimental calibration plot for a monolayer of glucose oxidase attached to a self-assembled monolayer. The model showed the response was highly dependent on the amount of enzyme immobilized and therefore the reproducibility of monolayer enzyme electrodes will be limited by the reproducibility of the enzyme immobilization. The model predicts the response of the monolayer biosensor is limited by the turnover rate of the enzyme rather than the supply of substrate as is the case with thick-film biosensors.

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