Air temperature is given in degrees Fahrenheit (°F), which can be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) by the following equation: °C -C°F " 1.8 Differences in degrees Fahrenheit can be converted to differences in degrees Celsius by multiplying the value in degrees Fahrenheit by 0.55.

Seven reservoirs in central Colorado, operated by the Denver Board of Water Commissioners, were studied to determine evaporation losses. These reservoirs, Elevenmile Canyon, Oil Ion, Gross, Antero, Cheesman, Williams Fork, and Ralston, are located on both sides of the Continental Divide. The period of study was 19&7-73. Evaporation was computed by the energy-budget and masstransfer methods, and from evaporation-pan relationships. For three reservoirs, Elevenmile Canyon, Oil Ion, and Gross, mass-transfer coefficients were calibrated by energy-budget studies. At the remaining reservoirs, an empirical technique was used to estimate the mass-transfer coefficient. The energybudget-calibrated methods give the most accurate evaporation values; the empirical coefficients give only a best estimate of evaporation. The pan method of computing evaporation is the least reliable method because of problems of advected energy through the sides of the pan, representative pan exposure, and the variability of ratios of reservoir to pan evaporation. Total evaporation for the seasons is not known because instrumentation rafts were not operated during the entire open-water season. Calculation of evaporation (sublimation) amounts from the ice cover was not attempted, but the amounts are believed to be small. Amounts of evaporation during the longest single period of record at each of the three reservoirs for which energy budgets were determined are:

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Massive sulfide and gold deposits are the two most problematic metallic mineral-deposit types in the Appalachian region from an environmental perspective. The environmental impacts of abandoned mines developed from massive sulfide deposits result from the formation of metal-laden acid drainage and from the presence of fine-grained, metal-rich mine wastes. Suites of problematic metals associated with these deposits differ with the type of massive sulfide deposit; in the Appalachian region, these are generally of either Kuroko or Besshi type. Mine drainage is mostly a threat to aquatic ecosystems, but metals also can contaminate local drinking water supplies. Abandoned gold mines are of environmental concern because of the mercury used in the gold-extraction process, which poses a threat to human health due to its ability to bioaccumulate in the foodweb, especially in aquatic systems.