In‐situ sparging has been accepted as a method to rapidly remediate groundwater at considerably lower costs compared to remedies based on groundwater recovery alone. The success of in‐situ sparging depends on effective mass transfer between air and contaminated media in the subsurface. Factors affecting mass transfer include advective airflow, diffusive transport, interphase chemical partitioning, and chemical and biological reaction rates between sparged gases and subsurface contaminants, minerals, and naturally occurring organic compounds. Understanding these factors can increase the design efficiency of in‐situ sparging and assist in developing sparging systems that use gases other than air (i.e., oxygen, ozone, and methane).
The advantages of reclaiming as much condensate as possible in any steam‐generating system are manifest. The return of hot water to the boiler results in a considerable reduction in fuel and water consumption. In addition, a low make‐up will give rise to a lower rate of corrosion attack due to carbon dioxide generated from dissolved bicarbonates. However, such a procedure greatly increases the length of piping and number of fittings which are exposed to attack. The corrosion of steam and condensate return lines, and also of steam‐using equipment, can become a major problem. Perforation of steam jackets, steam coils, pipes and fittings; choking of steam traps with corrosion products; leaking valves and joints are serious enough in themselves. The cost of replacing the corroded equipment is often considerable and excessive damage may be caused by the ingress of steam or water to the product being manufactured. In addition, a very high labour cost is often involved. Repairs to damaged plant must usually take place at weekends and during holiday time, when overtime rates are paid.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.