Pesticides protect plants or plant products from crop pests, plagues, and weed competition, improving yields and protecting the assembly's availability, quality, dependability, and economic competitiveness for the benefit of farmers and consumers. The introduction of cutting-edge technologies, from breeding to harvesting, has contributed to an increase in agricultural yields. These activities are aided by the use of agrochemicals, which in general endanger the environment's sustainability by polluting soils, water, and air. Pesticides' harmful effects pose a threat not only to nearby natural habitats, but also to cropland itself.
Land use is an emerging socio-economic activity wherein a region of one major specific purpose utility may be converted into another land for general purpose utility. Land use and management practices influence soil nutrients related to soil processes, such as erosion, oxidation, mineralization and leaching, consequently modifying the transport and redistribution processes. Deforestation is widespread in the tropics, and future changes in land use may have an impact on soil nutrient conversions. Understanding how the ecosystem operates and estimating the effects of future land use change on soil properties require characterising the spatial variability of soil nutrients in relation to site properties such as climate, land use, topography, and other variables.
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