We have previously shown that surface lesions and acute necrosis of chondrocytes are produced by severe levels of blunt mechanical load, generating contact pressures greater than 25 MPa, on chondral and osteochondral explants. We have also found surface lesions and chronic degradation of retro-patellar cartilage within 3 years following a 6J impact intensity with an associated average pressure of 25 MPa in the rabbit patello-femoral joint. We now hypothesized that cellular necrosis is produced acutely in the retro-patellar cartilage in this model as a result of a 6J impact and that an early injection of the non-ionic surfactant, poloxamer 188 (P188), would significantly reduce the percentage of necrotic cells in the traumatized cartilage. Eighteen rabbits were equally divided into a 'time zero' group and two other groups carried out for 4 days. One '4 day' group was administered a 1.5 ml injection of P188 into the impacted joint immediately after trauma, while the other was injected with a placebo solution. Impact trauma produced surface lesions on retro-patellar cartilage in all groups. Approximately 15% of retro-patellar chondrocytes suffered acute necrosis in the 'time zero' and '4-day no poloxamer' groups. In contrast, significantly fewer cells (7%) suffered necrosis in the poloxamer group, most markedly in the superficial cartilage layer. The use of P188 surfactant early after severe trauma to articular cartilage may allow sufficient time for damaged cells to heal, which may in turn mitigate the potential for post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Additional studies are needed to improve the efficacy of this surfactant and to determine the long-term health of joint cartilage after P188 intervention.

In the past decade, high Q values have been achieved in high purity Nb superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities. Fundamental understanding of the physical metallurgy of Nb that enables these achievements is beginning to reveal what challenges remain to establish reproducible and cost-effective production of high performance SRF cavities. Recent studies of dislocation substructure development and effects of recrystallization arising from welding and heat treatments and their correlations with cavity performance are considered. With better fundamental understanding of the effects of dislocation substructure evolution and recrystallization on electron and phonon conduction, as well as the interior and surface states, it will be possible to design optimal processing paths for cost-effective performance using approaches such as hydroforming, which minimizes or eliminates welds in a cavity.

We have previously shown that surface lesions and acute necrosis of chondrocytes are produced by severe levels of blunt mechanical load, generating contact pressures greater than 25 MPa, on chondral and osteochondral explants. We have also found surface lesions and chronic degradation of retro-patellar cartilage within 3 years following a 6 J impact intensity with an associated average pressure of 25 MPa in the rabbit patello-femoral joint. We now hypothesized that cellular necrosis is produced acutely in the retropatellar cartilage in this model as a result of a 6 J impact and that an early injection of the non-ionic surfactant, poloxamer 188 (P188), would significantly reduce the percentage of necrotic cells in the traumatized cartilage. Eighteen rabbits were equally divided into a 'time zero' group and two other groups carried out for 4 days. One '4 day' group was administered a 1.5 ml injection ofel88 into the impacted joint immediately after trauma, while the other was injected with a placebo solution. Impact trauma produced surface lesions on retro-patellar cartilage in all groups. Approximately 15% of retro-patellar chondrocytes suffered acute necrosis in the 'time zero' and '4-day no poloxamer' groups. In contrast, significantly fewer cells (7%) suffered necrosis in the poloxamer group, most markedly in the superficial cartilage layer. The use of P188 surfactant early after severe trauma to articular cartilage may allow sufficient time for damaged cells to heal, which may in turn mitigate the potential for post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Additional studies are needed to improve the efficacy of this surfactant and to determine the long-term health ofjoint cartilage after P188 intervention.

Excessive mechanical loading to a joint has been linked with the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA). Among the suspected links between impact trauma to a joint and associated degeneration of articular cartilage is an acute reduction in chondrocyte viability. Recently, the non-ionic surfactant poloxamer 188 (P188) has been shown to reduce by approximately 50% the percentage of non-viable chondrocytes 24 h post-injury in chondral explants exposed to 25 MPa of unconfined compression. There is a question whether these acutely 'saved' chondrocytes will continue to degrade over time, as P188 is only thought to act by acute repair of damaged cell membranes. In order to investigate the degradation of traumatized chondrocytes in the longer term, the current study utilized TUNEL staining to document the percentage of cells suffering DNA fragmentation with and without an immediate 24 h period of exposure of the explants to P188 surfactant. In the current study, as in the previous study by this laboratory, chondral explants were excised from bovine metacarpophalangeal joints and subjected to 25 MPa of unconfined compression. TUNEL staining was performed at 1 h, 4 days, and 7 days post-impact. The current study found that P188 was effective in reducing the percentage of cells with DNA fragmentation in impacted explants by approximately 45% at 4 and 7 days post-impact. These data suggest that early P188 intervention was effective in preventing DNA fragmentation of injured chondrocytes. The current hypothesis is that this process was mitigated by the acute repair of damaged plasma membranes by the non-ionic surfactant P188, and that most repaired cells did not continue to degrade as measured by the fragmentation of their DNA.

The mechanical properties of commercial polycrystalline pure niobium sheet used for superconducting radiofrequency cavities are known to provide inconsistent yield, springback and surface smoothness characteristics when plastically formed into a radiofrequency cavity. These inconsistent properties lead to significant variations in cavity geometry and thus superconducting cavity performance. One approach to reduce these problems is to refine the microstructure so that its properties are more uniform. Microstructural refinement of Nb sheet for RF cavities using multi-axis severe plastic deformation via equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) was examined. ECAE was performed on 25 mm square cross-section bars of Reactor Grade Nb in a right angle die at room temperature following different extrusion routes to true strains above nine. This heavily worked material was rolled to 4 mm thick sheet and recrystallized. Measurements of hardness, springback, texture, and microstructural uniformity are reported and compared to those of commercial RRR Grade Nb sheet. Preliminary results show noteworthy promise for bulk Nb processed via severe plastic deformation prior to sheet rolling.