The main aim of this study is to fabricate hollow fibers using alginate gelation method and to characterize the electromechanical performance of these fibers with microtubular structure for the device applications that are based on hollow piezoceramic fibers working in d 31 mode. However, fabrication of hollow fibers is difficult and problematic. This study originally presents a holistic solution to these problems and it is different from the currently used or investigated methods in terms of method, design, composition and application. The novel points of the study are: fabrication of the hollow fibers by alginate gelation methods, investigation and use of solid solutions of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) with lead zinc niobate (PZN) with low sintering temperatures, preparation of Ag based electrodes during the processing of piezoceramic fibers and using the co-firing process due to the difficulty of obtaining the inner electrode layer.
In this paper, dense ( x )PZN-( 1-x )PZT ceramics were prepared at sintering temperatures as low as 950 °C with PZN ratios of x=0.4 , 0.5, and 0.6. The 0.4PZN-0.6PZT composition was found to crystallize in the perovskite phase at this sintering temperature without the presence of any other secondary phases. Higher electrical and electromechanical properties were obtained from the 0.4PZN-0.6PZT composition compared with the x=0.5 and x=0.6 counterparts. Dielectric constant, piezoelectric charge coefficient, electromechanical coupling coefficient, and mechanical quality factor of 0.4PZN-0.6PZT were found to be 2608, 477 pC/N, 64.4, and 65, respectively. While the Curie temperature was 140 °C for pure PZN, the Curie temperature was measured as 300 °C for x=0.4 composition. Green PZN-PZT fibers with circular cross section were drawn using alginate gelation method from the 0.4PZN-0.6PZT composition. Dense fibers were obtained after the sintering process, and piezocomposites were prepared with 1-3 connectivity using fibers with an average diameter of 600 [Formula: see text]. Composites with volume fraction of 20 vol% were investigated for passive acoustic sensor applications. Electrical properties of piezocomposites were found to be scalable and compatible with the electrical properties of the bulk composition. The dielectric constant, piezoelectric charge coefficient, and maximum strain value of the PZN-PZT 1-3 piezocomposite were measured as 345, 165 pC/N, and 0.13%, respectively.
Lead-free potassium sodium niobate (KNN) ceramics were prepared with lithium and tantalum modification. Structural properties were investigated. Impedance spectroscopy was used as a tool to analyze electrical behavior of ceramics as a function of frequency from 100 Hz to 10 MHz at a temperature range from 573 K to 798 K. Neither Li nor Li + Ta modification caused any secondary grain boundary phase, however both of them caused a densification of the ceramic. Increasing the lithium addition was found to decrease the impedance, while the Li + Ta addition drastically increased it. Finally, a temperature induced relaxation process was observed in the samples with the relaxation frequency shifting with temperature.
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