Cold-Water Mediates Greater Reductions in Limb Blood Flow than Whole Body Cryotherapy.http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5455/ Article LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LJMU Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain.The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. Purpose: Cold-water immersion (CWI) and whole body cryotherapy (WBC) are 2 widely used recovery methods in an attempt to limit exercise-induced muscle damage, 3 soreness and functional deficits after strenuous exercise. The aim of this study was to 4 compare the effects of ecologically-valid CWI and WBC protocols on post-exercise 5 lower limb thermoregulatory, femoral artery and cutaneous blood flow responses. 6Methods: Ten males completed a continuous cycle exercise protocol at 70% maximal 7 oxygen uptake until a rectal temperature of 38°C was attained. Participants were then 8 exposed to lower-body CWI (8°C) for 10 min, or WBC (-110°C) for 2 min, in a 9 randomized cross-over design. Rectal and thigh skin, deep and superficial muscle 10 temperatures, thigh and calf skin blood flow (laser Doppler flowmetry), superficial 11 femoral artery blood flow (duplex ultrasound) and arterial blood pressure were 12 measured prior to, and for 40 min post, cooling interventions. Results: Greater 13 reductions in thigh skin (CWI, -5.9±1.8°C; WBC, 0.2±0.5°C; P < 0.001) and superficial 14 (CWI, -4.4±1.3°C; WBC, -1.8±1.1°C; P < 0.001) and deep (CWI, -2.9±0.8°C; WBC, -15 1.3±0.6°C; P < 0.001) muscle temperatures occurred immediately after CWI. 16Decreases in femoral artery conductance were greater after CWI (CWI, -84±11%; 17 WBC, -59±21%, P < 0.02) and thigh (CWI, -80±5%; WBC, -59±14%, P < 0.001) and 18 calf (CWI, -73±13%; WBC, -45±17%, P < 0.001) cutaneous vasoconstriction was 19 greater following CWI. Reductions in rectal temperature were similar between 20 conditions after cooling (CWI, -0.6±0.4°C; WBC, -0.6±0.3°C; P = 0.98). Conclusion: 21Greater reductions in blood flow and tissue temperature were observed after CWI in 22 comparison to WBC. These novel findings have practical and clinical implications for 23 the use of cooling in the recovery from exercise and injury. 24 25 3

Exercise training has potential to positively impact cerebrovascular function in healthy and diseased individuals. Passive heat training using warm water immersion has recently been shown to enhance systemic vascular function including the cerebrovascular response to heating. We suggest that a passive heating intervention can be a useful adjunct or alternative to exercise training. Our aim was to directly compare the effects of exercise with warm water immersion training on cerebrovascular and thermoregulatory function. 18 females (25±5y) performed 8-weeks of moderate-intensity cycling (70% HR max ) or warm-water immersion (42°C) for 30 min three times per week. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured prior to and following both interventions. A passive heat stress was employed to obtain temperature thresholds (T b ) and sensitivities for chest and forearm sweat rate (SR) and cutaneous vasodilation (CVC). Middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) was measured at rest and throughout heat stress. FMD (P=0.003) and VO 2peak (P<0.001) improved following both interventions. MCAv and cerebrovascular conductance were higher at rest (P<0.001 and 0.05, respectively) and during passive heating (P<0.001 and <0.001, respectively) following both interventions. Chest and forearm SR occurred at a lower T b post-intervention with no difference between interventions. Chest and forearm SR sensitivity were increased after both interventions with no differences between interventions at the forearm but a larger increase at the chest (P<0.001) following water immersion compared to exercise training. Chest and forearm CVC occurred at a lower T b (P<0.001) following both interventions with no differences between interventions or over time. Warm water immersion training elicits favourable and similar cerebrovascular, conduit-and thermoregulatory adaptations compared to a period of moderateintensity exercise training over 8-weeks.

Objectives: Post-menopausal hot flushes occur due to a reduction in oestrogen production causing thermoregulatory and vascular dysfunction. Exercise training enhances thermoregulatory control of sweating, skin and brain blood flow. We aimed to determine if improving thermoregulatory control and vascular function with exercise training alleviated hot flushes.Methods: Twenty one symptomatic females completed a 7-day hot flush questionnaire and underwent brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and a cardiorespiratory fitness test. Sweat rate and skin blood flow temperature thresholds and sensitivities, and middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) was measured during passive heating. Females performed 16-weeks of supervised exercise training or control, and measurements were repeated. Conclusions: Exercise training that improves cardiorespiratory fitness reduces self-reported hot flushes. Improvements are likely mediated through greater thermoregulatory control in response to increases in core temperature and enhanced vascular function in the cutaneous and cerebral circulations. Results

This article explores how immigrant students in the United States utilise multimodal literacy practices to complicate dominant narratives of American national identity -narratives of facile assimilation, meritocracy and linear trajectories. Such ideologies can be explicitly evident in curricular materials or can be woven more implicitly into school literacy practices that privilege individual achievement, devalue cultural ways of knowing, and operate on a paradigm of remediation. Within this educational backdrop, we report on a practitioner research study that invited students in a summer school programme for English Language Learners to share their experiences in multiple formats and media, including comics, and to draw on their cultural and linguistic heritages as sources of knowledge. We feature comics created by two students in the programme (an 8-year-old girl of Indian heritage and a 16-year-old boy from Vietnam) to understand the potential of visual texts to articulate micronarratives of immigration. We emphasise how students blend semiotic resources in order to represent the complexity of their experiences, convey cultural hybridity and resist singular narratives.

Affective symptoms in PoTS, VVS and EH appear to be driven by anxiety and vigilance of physical sensations/symptoms, rather than trauma or neurosis. Increased somatic vigilance/anxiety in PoTS and VVS may be due to interoception being anxiogenic in these cohorts. Diminished interoception may be due to a common central dysregulation, as both sudomotor and cardiovascular forms of autonomic dysfunction had comparable IA deficits. These findings provide a possible therapeutic pathway for psychological symptoms in PoTS, VVS and EH.