Grain samples were produced at 10 different locations in the Western Cape region of South Africa, on 2.1 m x 6 m experimental plots, over a period of three years. Twenty different cereal grain cultivars were used in the study. A randomised square experimental design with four replicates per sample was used. An area of 1.35 m x 5 m from each plot was harvested during 1994, 1995 and 1996 and the yield was determined. Thousand seed mass (TSM) and hectolitre mass (HLM) were also determined. Samples were analysed for dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). Digestible energy values (DE) for pigs were determined with a mobile nylon bag technique, while non-structural carbohydrate values (NSC) were calculated. In the first analysis, cultivars were compared by a one-way analysis of variance, followed by pooling of grain type data. Naked oats had the highest DE value, and the respective values (DM basis) for naked oats, wheat, triticale, 2-row brewer's barley, 6-row feed barley and oats were 18.0, 16.0, 15.8, 14.9, 14.4, and 12.6 MJ/kg DM. The high EE value of naked oats (97 g/kg) might be partly responsible for the high DE value. The 6-row and 2-row naked barley cultivars had the highest IVOMD (946 g/kg and 944 g/kg), followed by wheat (910 g/kg), triticale (905 g/kg), naked oats (899 g/kg), 2-row brewer's barley (882 g/kg), 6-row feed barley (844 g/kg) and oats (671 g/kg). Considerable variation was found between samples within a cultivar for DE and IVOMD. Two-row naked barley had the highest mean CP value (159 g/kg) followed by naked oats (159 g/kg), 6-row naked barley (154 g/kg), wheat (148 g/kg), triticale (146 g/kg), oats (143 g/kg), 2-row brewer's barley (136 g/kg) and 6-row feed barley (135 g/kg) on DM basis. Triticale had the highest yield, with naked oats and barley cultivars having the lowest yield.
Correlations were determined between the crude protein (CP) and lysine or methionine concentrations of grain from wheat (cultivar: palmiet), barley (cultivar: clipper) and triticale (cultivar: usgen 19) grown in the Western Cape region of South Africa. Twenty samples of varying CP content were collected for each grain type from different areas within the winter-rainfall sub-region. The relationships between CP content (x; percentage on an airdry basis) and lysine concentration (y; percentage of CP) were as follows: (wheat)
Canola meal (CM) from the solvent and expeller oil extraction processes was used as replacement for fishmeal in grower-finishing pig diets in two separate experiments. Diets were formulated on an iso-nutrient basis (approximately 13.6 MJ kg -1 DE, 160g kg-1 CP, 9.0 g kg-1 lysine, 6.5 g kg -1 methionine and cystine, 6.5 g kg -1threonine, 2.0 g kg -1 tryptophan on DM basis) to contain 0 g kg -1 , 80 g kg -1 , 160 g kg -1 , and 240 g kg -1 CM in the first (solvent process) and 0 g kg -1 , 97 g kg-1 , 195 g kg-1 , and 292 g kg-1 CM in the second (expeller process) case. In Experiment 1, 13 pigs per diet were individually housed and fed ad libitum from 25.4 kg to 84.4 kg liveweight, whereafter pigs were slaughtered and carcass characteristics determined. In Experiment 2, randomly selected groups of 4 pigs (16 per diet) were fed ad libitum from 21.6 kg to 88.4 kg liveweight, whereafter pigs were slaughtered and carcass characteristics measured. The inclusion of CM in the diets at levels of up to 24% in Experiment 1 and 29.2% in Experiment 2 had no significant effect on dry matter intake (DMI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), or liveweight gain. In Experiment 1, A00028Received 7 June 2000; accepted 17 October 2000 P 2 backfat thickness was significantly lower and percentage of meat in the carcass was significantly higher in the 24% CM diet group. In Experiment 2, dressing percentage was significantly lower in the 29.2% CM diet group. It was concluded that canola meal from recently released cultivars may be included at higher than conventional proposed levels (12-18%) in grower-finisher pig diets without any detrimental effect on growth performance and minor effects on carcass characteristics.
Samples of sweet yellow lupins (Lupinus luteus; n = 4), broad leaf lupins (Lupinus albus; n = 12), narrow leaf lupins (Lupinus angustifolius; n = 8), faba beans (Vicia faba; n = 2), field peas (Pisum sativum; n = 4) and narbon beans (Vicia narbonensis; n = 2) were collected over a two-year period. The physical characteristics (thousand seed and hectolitre mass), chemical composition (dry matter, ash, crude protein (CP), ether extract, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre and mineral content), energy values (nitrogen corrected true metabolisable energy content (TMEn for roosters)) as well as the lysine and methionine availability (with roosters) of the samples were determined. Lupinus albus had the highest TMEn (12.49 MJ/kg), followed by field peas (11.35 MJ/kg) and narbon beans (11.25 MJ/kg), faba beans (10.90 MJ/kg), L. angustifolius (10.46 MJ/kg) and L. luteus (10.20 MJ/kg). Lupinus luteus had the highest CP concentration (393.6 g/kg) followed by L. albus (381.9 g/kg), L. angustifolius (338.9 g/kg), faba beans (260.0 g/kg), field peas (247.4 g/kg) and narbon beans (237.6 g/kg) (values on a dry matter basis). Lupinus luteus had the highest lysine concentration (22.2 g/kg), followed by L. albus (19.6 g/kg), field peas (19.3 g/kg), L. angustifolius (18.6 g/kg), narbon beans (17.5 g/kg) and faba beans (17.0 g/kg).
Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was evaluated as a tool for the fast and inexpensive prediction of nutritional values of feedstuffs. NIRS calibrations were developed for winter grain ,samples collected over three years in the Western Cape region of South Africa. Winter grains used in the study include oats, barley, triticale and wheat. Calibrations were also developed for maize samples collected throughout South Africa. Winter grain samples were analysed for ash, dry matter (OM), crude protein content (CP), fat content, acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NOF), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMO), lysine and methionine. These results suggested that NIRS can be developed as a rapid and accurate tool for the prediction of the nutritional value of feedstuffs, which makes it an attractive technique for routine quality control in the industry.
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