Technologie CCU w zielonej gospodarceThe paper presents the development of CCU (Carbon Capture and Utilization) technology and its significance in the green economy. The focus was on CO2 utilization technologies with high potential for commercial application. Carbon dioxide captured from coal-fired power plants, cement plants or in other industry sectors offers an alternative source of coal for obtaining fuels, chemicals and materials. The focus of the paper is on the technological, environmental and financial barriers to the implementation of CCU technologies on an industrial scale.
Znaczenie specjacji metali ciężkich w aspekcie przyrodniczego zagospodarowania osadów ściekowychThe development of highly efficient methods of wastewater treatment and the emergence of new wastewater treatment plants is accompanied by the gradual increase in the amount of sewage sludge generated in Poland. However, no waste-free technologies or effective solutions for the complete elimination of the treatment products from the environment have been developed to date, which represents a challenge to the rational management of this type of waste. One of the strategies proposed in this area is the natural use of sewage sludge, mainly to fertilize soils and plants and for reclamation of degraded soils and soilless areas. The prerequisite for finding such a solution is an appropriate quality of sludge intended to be transformed into fertilizers, which has to meet specific hygienic, sanitary and chemical requirements. In the case of the criterion of chemical composition, current standards are mainly applicable for the total heavy metal concentrations in the sludge. In recent years, however, much attention has been paid to the capability of microelements to migrate in the environment, which allows for better evaluation of the quality of biosphere components and the potential risk of the spread of pollution. One of the methods to identify the forms of elements in the medium studied is speciation analysis, based on sequential extraction. The aim of this study was to indicate the importance of speciation in the evaluation of the quality of sewage sludge and the opportunities of its use in nature. Furthermore, one of the most popular methods of determination of the mobility of heavy metals was also discussed. Knowledge of heavy metal forms occurring in the sewage sludge tested allows for preparation of effective waste management strategies.
The aim of the study was to assess the quality of bottom sediments of the Dzierżno Duże water reservoir by applying a set of guidelines on sediment quality (SQG) and spatial analysis. These guidelines are widely used to study sediment pollution by comparing sediment pollution with relevant values determining the quality of sediments in aquatic ecosystems. The assessment of sediment contamination with trace elements was based on threshold effect concentration (TEC) and probable effect concentration (PEC) methods. To determine potential risk to the benthic fauna, values of trace elements were compared to corresponding TEC and PEC values. Another performed assessment was based on the potential ecological risk index (PERI) which consists of: potential ecological risk of the trace elements, contamination factor, measured background values of the trace elements in studied area. Bottom sediment samples were collected at 57 measuring points. The network of measurement points has been planned in the form of a regular grid of squares using the GIS system. The collected samples were analyzed for the content of selected trace elements. PECQ values ranged from 0.02 to 1.66 with an average of 0.55. PERI from 6.95 to 753.74 on average 194.06. High values of the coefficient of determination between PERI and PECQ and the analyzed trace elements (values above 0.7) were observed. Spatial analysis carried out in the geostatistical software allowed to determine the areas with the greatest ecological risk. The largest values of heavy metals and PERI and PECQ are found in the northern part of the reservoir, while the lower values are localized in the southern and south-eastern part. The Dzierżno Duże reservoir mainly has recreational functions. Due to the high ecological risk values and the constant threat due to nearby agricultural areas (runoff of plant protection products) and industrial plants, it should be constantly monitored.
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