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This review summarizes published meta-analysis outcomes on the associations between meat intakes and burden of diseases. A novel assessment process was developed, combining selected Cochrane Review measures, AMSTAR checklist, and other quality measures identified by authors during preliminary phases of the review process. Meat intakes have been found to be statistically significant associated with 21 burden of diseases. A total of 37 risk-outcome best dose-response estimations were identified, all were positively associated, and 21 of them with low to moderate, or insignificant heterogeneity. The highest dose-responses per 50 g increases in processed meat intake at 95% confident levels were 1.81 (1.32, 2.48) for esophageal cancer, 1.71 (1.34, 2.19) for stomach cancer, 1.42 (1.07, 1.89) for CHD, 1.32 (1.19, 1.48) for diabetes, and 1.24 (1.13, 1.35) for colon cancer incidences, and 1.24 (1.09, 1.40) for CVD mortality. The highest dose-responses per each 65 g increases in total red meat intake were 1.36 (1.16, 1.58) for endometrial cancer, 1.25 (1.10, 1.41) esophageal cancer, and 1.22 (1.16, 1.23) for lung cancer incidences. In addition, 14 statistically significant associations in terms of high vs low meat intake relative risks were also identified. Total red meat intakes were found negatively associated with CVD and cancer mortalities, and poultry meat intakes were found negatively associated with all-cause and cancer mortalities, and rectal cancer incidences in low meat consumption Asian countries. Current global and dietary Comparative Risk Assessments may underestimate burden of diseases attributed to meat intakes. More investigation is needed in low-meat consumption countries.

All co-benefit studies estimated that reducing population meat consumption could reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the burden of disease. However, important attention must be paid to nutrition balance and a systematic approach in input and output attribute parameters is recommended for better model quality.

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This scoping review aimed to identify published meta-analyses of the associations of dietary soy intakes with cardiovascular, cancer, and diabetes II diseases and the best relative risk estimates. A published novel assessment process combining the well-validated Cochrane Review measures, the AMSTAR 2 checklist, and a published algorithm specifically designed for conducting a scoping review of similar meta-analyses was employed. This scoping review identified and evaluated 28 meta-analysis reports, published between 2000 and 2021, on the associations of soy intakes with cardiovascular, cancer, and diabetes II diseases. It identified 18 significantly negatively associated risk-disease pairs for total soy intakes, four significantly negatively associated risk-disease pairs for unfermented soy intakes, and four significantly negatively associated risk-disease pairs for fermented soy intakes when compared high against low intakes. The largest significant risk decrease found was gastric cancer mortalities with relative risk (RR) 0.49 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.68); followed by colorectal cancer mortalities RR 0.59 (95% CI: 0.41, 0.84); ovarian cancer RR 0.52 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.66); and endocrine-related gynaecological cancer RR 0.61 (95% CI: 0.53, 0.72). The fermented soy intake and gastric cancer risk-disease pair was identified to be significantly positively associated, RR 1.22 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.44) when compared high against low intakes. Four significantly negatively associated risk-disease dose-responses were also identified. Being the products with lower greenhouse gas emission intensities, soy products could be the better dietary alternatives to animal products for reducing cardiovascular, cancer, and diabetes II diseases and helping combat climate change.

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With the emergence of avian influenza viruses, many Chinese cities periodically close the live poultry markets to restrict the trade of live chicken. This study investigated customers’ decision-making clusters and consumption preferences. Data from 1108 participants were collected in May 2021 in the Jiangsu province using a mixed sampling method. Eight decision-making behaviors were identified using the Exploratory Factor Analysis. Five consumer clusters were identified using K-Means Cluster Analysis. Chi-square tests and pairwise comparisons of multiple sample rates were used to identify the differences in consumption preferences between the consumer clusters. The results show that only the concern of risking an avian influenza virus infection might not effectively change consumer preferences towards live chicken and patronage of wet markets and farms. Product quality, consumer habits and loyalty, limited knowledge and technology, and leisure elements in visiting farms are hindering changes in consumer preferences. Effective policies are needed to help customers to overcome the barriers of buying chilled and frozen chicken. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00003-022-01411-y.

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