Bogus resumes were evaluated by 212 business professionals to discover what mediates sex discrimination in hiring decisions. We hypothesized that discrimination against women and men who applied for stereotypically "masculine" and "feminine" jobs, respectively, could be reduced by providing individuating information suggesting that the applicant was an exception to his or her gender stereotype and possessed traits usually associated with the opposite gender. We also hypothesized that individuating information consistent with stereotypes about an applicant's gender would decrease the probability that an applicant would be evaluated favorably for a job usually considered appropriate for the other gender. We found that individuating information eliminated sex-typed personality inferences about male and female applicants and affected applicants' perceived job suitability; however, sex discrimination was not eliminated. We suggest that sex discrimination is mediated by occupation stereotypes that specify both the personality traits and the gender appropriate for each occupation.Although researchers have repeatedly documented the existence of sex discrimination in access to jobs, relatively little attention has been devoted to discovering the mediators of such effects (Arvey, 1979). Perhaps the reason for this neglect is that the answer seems obvious: Stereotypes about men and women are responsible. However, as Arvey has noted, "although the notion of stereotyping is frequently invoked to explain why differential evaluations occur. . . the precise nature of how stereotypes operate and produce these different evaluations is not well specified" (p. 743). By exploring the psychological mediators of sex-discrimination effects we may not only gain insight into the general question of how people's judgments of others are affected by social stereotypes but also discover methods to circumvent the application of stereotypes that lead to unfair discrimination in hiring decisions. The latter aim is of special importance because research indicates that subsequent discriminatory treatment of minorities in the workplace may be reduced when minority members gain greater access to work roles traditionally dominated by the majority (Martinko & Gardner, 1983).Stereotypes may affect people's evaluations of others in several ways. For instance, if the traits associated with a particular social category are undesirable, then members of that category may be consistently discriminated against when applying for jobs (Arvey, 1979). Some researchers have invoked this explanation to account for discrimination against women because of the fact that "more of the characteristics that our Western societies value are associated with men than with women" (Deaux & Wrightsman, 1984, p. 257). However, considerableThis research was supported by a grant from Lawrence University. We gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments of
Within ESL, interest has been growing in the pedagogical implications of poststructuralist theories of identity and in the need for gay‐friendly teaching practices. However, research on identity has largely neglected the domain of sexual identity, and efforts to develop gay‐friendly pedagogies have not yet engaged with poststructuralism. This article introduces some of the key concepts of queer theory, which draws on poststructuralism, and suggests implications for teaching. The central argument is that a queer theoretical framework may be more useful pedagogically than a lesbian and gay one because it shifts the focus from inclusion to inquiry, that is, from including minority sexual identities to examining how language and culture work with regard to all sexual identities. This article then comments on an ESL class discussion in the United States that focused on lesbian and gay identities.
The development of an automated, high-throughput fractionation procedure to prepare and analyze natural product libraries for drug discovery screening is described. Natural products obtained from plant materials worldwide were extracted and first prefractionated on polyamide solid-phase extraction cartridges to remove polyphenols, followed by high-throughput automated fractionation, drying, weighing, and reformatting for screening and storage. The analysis of fractions with UPLC coupled with MS, PDA and ELSD detectors provides information that facilitates characterization of compounds in active fractions. Screening of a portion of fractions yielded multiple assay-specific hits in several high-throughput cellular screening assays. This procedure modernizes the traditional natural product fractionation paradigm by seamlessly integrating automation, informatics, and multimodal analytical interrogation capabilities.Natural products are a vast resource of compounds with seemingly unlimited chemical and functional diversity, and have been a rich source for lead molecules in drug discovery programs. 1-4 Sixty percent of new drugs for cancer and 75% of those for infectious diseases have originated from natural sources. 5,6 Between 2001 and 2005, 23 natural product based drugs were launched in Europe, Japan, and the United States for treating various disorders such as cancer, diabetes, dyslipidemia, atopic dermatitis, Alzheimer's disease, bacterial and fungal infections, genetic diseases such as tyrosinemia, and Gaucher's disease. 7 However, during the last two decades, research efforts in the discovery of therapeutic natural products have waned because of the complications and significant time requirements inherent in compound isolation. Primary screening of crude plant extracts or microbial fermentations, followed by bioassay-guided fractionation, purification, and structure elucidation of novel bioactive compounds can take several months. 8 The required scale of isolation has been too large to be implemented effectively in an automated, high-throughput fashion. The combination of these and other factors has led to a lagging emphasis in natural product discovery. However, recent advances in high-throughput screening (HTS) technology have
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