The regeneration of plant communities from seed depends, to a large extent, on the capacity of the seed remaining viable in the soil. The viability and germination of artificially buried Psychotria vellosiana seeds in cerrado soil were studied, with the purpose of discovering some physio-ecological aspects of dispersed seeds and evaluating their potential to constitute a soil seed bank. Seed samples were placed in nylon envelopes and buried in the soil of a Cerrado reserve at two different depths and sites. Buried seeds were retrieved periodically and tested for germination along with dry-stored seeds. In general, there was a reduction in seed germination with storage time, both in soil and dry stored conditions, and in some assays exhumed seeds germinated faster than dry stored ones. In general the soil storage favoured seed viability of ungerminated seeds as compared to dry stored ones, with the seeds remaining partially viable after 10 months of storage. The lack of germination of viable seeds suggests that seeds showed true dormancy and/or required an extended time to germinate. It was observed that some seeds had germinated while buried and such in situ germination tended to increase with rainfall. The water availability in the soil might be a limiting factor for successful germination of P. vellosiana in the field, and the seeds may constitute a persistent soil seed bank in the cerrado as dispersed seeds remain viable in the soil until the following period of seed dispersal.Keywords: Psychotria vellosiana, dormancy, physio-ecology, dispersal units. RESUMO

The germinability of artificially buried Psychotria hoffmansegiana and Palicourea marcagravii seeds in Cerrado soil was tested, with the aim of evaluating whether dispersed seeds may be able to form a soil seed bank. The assays were carried out at a Cerrado Reserve in São Paulo State, Brazil. Seed samples were placed in nylon bags and buried at two different depths and in two different sites. Samples were periodically exhumed and germination tests were performed with both exhumed and dry stored seeds. In general, soil storage favoured seed survival and germination when compared to dry stored seeds. The seed germination was little affected by soil depth and by burial environment. Seeds of both species remained viable for at least 13 months, considering the time lapse between the collection and the end of the germination tests. It was suggested that both species can potentially form a persistent soil seed bank in Cerrado.

The aim of this study was to predict carcass traits of Santa Inês lambs finished in tropical pastures by using biometric measurements. Data originated from two experiments involving 56 lambs (32 in experiment I and 24 in experiment II). In both experiments, the sheep were finished in that were finished in pastures of Panicum maximum and Brachiaria brizantha, experiment I being conducted in the rainy season and experiment II in the dry season. The following biometric measurements were recorded before slaughter: body length (BL), withers height (WH), rump height (RH), thorax width (TW), rump width (RW), chest width (CW), heart girth (HG), thigh circumference (TC), rump circumference (RC) and leg length (LL), in addition to live weight at slaughter (SW). After slaughter, hot carcass weight (HCW), cold carcass weight (CCW) and the weights of primal cuts (shoulder, neck, loin, leg and rib) were recorded. In the equations generated to predict SW, HCW and CCW, R2 ranged from 0.58 to 0.91 and the measurements of WH, TC, CW, HG and RW were the most relevant. In the equations developed to predict the weight of primal cuts, in turn, R2 ranged from 0.26 to 0.99. In these models, SW, BL, CW, TC, LL and HG explained most of the variation in the weight of primal cuts. Biometric measurements can be used to accurately and precisely predict HCW, CCW and the weight of primal cuts from the carcass of Santa Inês sheep finished in tropical pastures, since the equations presented R2 and correlation coefficient and agreement above 0.8.

Thirty-two Santa Inês male lambs, not castrated, were distributed in a randomized block design to evaluate the effects of different tropical forage cultivars (two Panicum maximum (Syn. Megathyrsus maximus): Aruana and Massai, and two Brachiaria brizantha (Syn. Urochloa brizantha) Marandu and Piatã) on carcass characteristics, quality, physical composition, and meat chemistry. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance, and the means compared using the Tukey test at 5% significance. There was no effect of cultivars on body weight, slaughter weight, and biometric measurements of the carcass. The Aruana and Piatã cultivars provided higher weights of hot and cold carcasses when compared to the Massai and the Marandu had no significant differences compared to the others. The animals kept in the pasture of the Aruana cultivar showed higher shank yields. However, forage cultivars did not affect the ribeye area or subcutaneous fat thickness. There was also no effect of cultivar on pH, temperature, cooking losses, cooling losses, and meat shear strength. The cultivars did not change the quality and composition of the meat. However, the Aruana, Piatã, and Marandu cultivars were the ones that provided higher carcass weights and ham yields.

RESUMOAs amostras analisadas eram de oito marcas comerciais diferentes de leite pasteurizado comercializado na Cidade de Natal, RN. Para cada marca foram coletadas amostras de três diferentes datas de processamento, totalizando vinte e quatro amostras, sendo uma marca do tipo A, três do tipo B e quatro do tipo C. Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas (bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes) e físico-químicas, estas através do aparelho de análise ultrassônica de leite, Ekomilk Total ® , sendo determinadas: gordura, extrato seco desengordurado, densidade, proteína, ponto crioscópico e lactose. As amostras do leite tipo A apresentaram resultados fora dos padrões nas análises microbiológicas e físico-químicas. O leite pasteurizado tipo B obteve duas marcas com contagens microbiológicas em desacordo com a legislação. O leite pasteurizado tipo C foi o que apresentou os melhores resultados nas análises, embora três marcas tenham apresentado valores de coliformes totais acima do determinado pela legislação.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Coliformes, instrução normativa nº 51, qualidade físico-química e microbiológica.ABSTRACT QUALITATIVE EVALUATION OF TYPE A, B AND C PASTEURIZED MILK SOLD IN NATAL, STATE OF RIO GRANDE DO NORTE, BRAZIL. Eight different commercial brands of milk sold in Natal, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, were sampled and evaluated. Each brand was sampled based on 3 different processing dates, and a total of 24 samples were collected for 1, 3, and 4 brands of type A, B, and C milk, respectively. Analyses were carried out for microbiological measures (total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total coliforms and thermo-tolerant coliforms) and physicochemical (Ekomilk Total® ultrasonic milk testing device) determinations were made for fat, nonfat dry extract, density, protein, cryoscopy point, and lactose. The results showed that type A pasteurized milk was the worst in terms of microbiological and physical-chemical properties. Two brands of type B pasteurized milk had microbiological counts violating the law. The type C milk had the best results in this trial although 3 out of 4 brands presented total coliform values above the Brazilian legislation. A qualidade do leite nos últimos anos vem sendo assunto de grande importância para todos que compõem a cadeia produtiva do leite, no sentido de buscar alternativas que contribuam para melhorias em termos de produtividade e qualidade deste produto, uma vez que o mercado consumidor encontra-se cada dia mais exigente .