The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) is an international grant-making NGO promoting evidence-informed development policies and programmes. We are the global leader in funding and producing high-quality evidence of what works, how, why and at what cost. We believe that better and policy-relevant evidence will make development more effective and improve people's lives. 3ie Impact Evaluations3ie-supported impact evaluations assess the difference a development intervention has made to social and economic outcomes. 3ie is committed to funding rigorous evaluations that include a theory-based design, use the most appropriate mix of methods to capture outcomes and are useful in complex development contexts. About this report3ie accepted the final version of this report, Is Tanzania's joint forest management programme a triple win? Understanding causal pathways for livelihoods, governance and forest condition impacts, as partial fulfilment of requirements under grant OW3.1109 issued under Open Window 3. The content has been copyedited and formatted for publication by 3ie. Due to unavoidable constraints at the time of publication, a few of the tables or figures may be less than optimal. All of the content is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not represent the opinions of 3ie, its donors or its Board of Commissioners. Any errors and omissions are also the sole responsibility of the authors. All affiliations of the authors listed in the title page are those that were in effect at the time the report was accepted. Any comments or queries should be directed to the corresponding author, Lauren Persha at lpersha@email.unc.edu Funding for this impact evaluation was provided by 3ie's donors, which include UK aid, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Hewlett Foundation and 12 other 3ie members that provide institutional support. A complete listing is provided on the 3ie website at http://www.3ieimpact.org/en/about/3ie-affiliates/3ie-members/ The research discussed in this publication has been partially funded by the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) through the Global Development Network. The views expressed in this article are not necessarily those of 3ie or its members.ii SummaryEstimated government and donor funding to support Joint Forest Management (JFM) in Tanzania since the early-1990s exceeds US$30 million. While there are many smallscale and site-specific studies on JFM in Tanzania, no large-scale, independent and rigorous studies have to date sought to examine the program's impact. In the absence of strong evidence, implementers and policymakers have come to their own conclusions about whether JFM delivers on its core objectives of (1) restoring forests, (2) improving livelihoods, and (3) strengthening local governance.JFM in Tanzania reflects the increasing emphasis across developing countries on the use of collaborative management approaches between governments and local communities to conserve natural resources and improve the livelihoods of impoverished local commu...
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