This study investigates professional development among educational policy-makers, institutional leaders and teachers. Through a synthesis of associated literature, this study identified a large number of articles focusing on professional development among teachers and lecturers. However, only a few studies on professional development among leaders and managers of educational institutions were ascertained, and research on professional development for educational policy-makers is also limited. This article first presents key aspects of professional development. It then reviews professional development theories and practices for policy-makers, institutional leaders and teachers. Finally, a discussion and recommendations are provided. This article contributes to the limited literature on professional development at the meso-level for institutional leaders, and at the macro-level for policy-makers.
There has been a great concern about the accreditation services offered by agencies outside the national setting across the world in recent years. This paper investigates the involvement of regional and international accreditation in Vietnam's higher education system. First of all, it looks at the government's regulations related to the accreditation of foreign agencies within the national territory. Second, it reviews the accreditation activities conducted by overseas accrediting agencies. Next, the study highlights the impacts of regional and international accreditation on student learning, faculty development, programs, institution and capacity building of the quality assurance system followed by challenges. Finally, the paper provides relevant discussion. Overall, the study identifies the impacts of overseas accrediting agencies on Vietnam quality assurance mechanism, an emerging quality assurance system in the Asia-Pacific region..
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