Mitochondria are the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. Early studies have shown that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) are related to the occurrence and adverse outcomes of many diseases, and are thus regarded as an important risk factor that threaten human health. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that mROS are very important for an organism’s homeostasis. mROS can regulate a variety of signaling pathways and activate the adaptation and protection behaviors of an organism under stress. In addition, mROS also regulate important physiological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, aging, and apoptosis. Herein, we review the mechanisms of production, transformation, and clearance of mROS and their biological roles in different physiological processes.

Sestrin2 (SESN2) is a conserved stress‐inducible protein (also known as hypoxia‐inducible gene 95 (HI95)) that is induced under hypoxic conditions. SESN2 represses the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and provides cytoprotection against various noxious stimuli, including hypoxia, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and DNA damage. In recent years, the determination of the regulation and signalling mechanisms of SESN2 has increased our understanding of its role in the hypoxic response. SESN2 has well‐documented roles in hypoxia‐related diseases, making it a potential target for diagnosis and treatment. This review discusses the regulatory mechanisms of SESN2 and highlights the significance of SESN2 as a biomarker and therapeutic target in hypoxia‐related diseases, such as cancer, respiratory‐related diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cerebrovascular diseases.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common, malignant and high-grade brain tumour. 1,2 The WHO classification system divides glioma into 4 subtypes and GBM as grade 4 glial tumour has the worst prognosis. 3 The intra-and intertumoral genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity observed in GBM highlights the complexity of cancer. 4 The median survival of GBM patients is around 12-15 months, even with

Visitors to high altitude are susceptible to hypoxia-induced acute intestinal mucosal barrier injury and terrible gastrointestinal disorders, which are life-threatening. Citrus tangerine pith extract (CTPE) is rich in pectin and...