This study will examine the integration process from the perspectives of refugees by focusing on individual and social level experiences. Data for this study comes from individual-level semistructured and focus group discussions collected over a period of seven months in Germany and covers refugees who applied for asylum after 2015. Keeping in mind the fact that the meaning of integration differs for different audiences, this study identifies five distinct phases of refugee integration in Germany. In each phase, refugees face certain challenges that hinder their integration into local communities. These phases, with some minor differences, may also be applicable to other countries, and therefore this study offers a general framework to analyze the integration process from refugee perspectives. Individual and social dimensions of integration analyzed and individual adjustment and coping mechanisms demonstrated throughout the study. This study suggests that refugees should be more involved in the definition of integration and more importantly, social and professional interaction through "entry points" should be encouraged for successful integration of refugees.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the human security aspect of the Syrian refugee crisis and to analyse the vulnerability and victimization of Syrian refugees in Turkey. Among the several categories within the human security model (i.e. economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community, and political) as conceptualized by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the study analysed the personal (i.e. individual) security of Syrian refugees in Turkey. A qualitative research design was employed with an applied ethnographic approach which included semi‐structured interviews, observations, document analysis, and field notes. Five main themes were identified regarding the personal security of Syrians: violence, homelessness, prostitution and early marriage, child labour, and deadly journeys. The results of the study indicate that Syrian refugees are exposed to several human insecurity parameters at the individual level, which are largely neglected by the Turkish state. Consequently, Turkey’s failure to promote the human security of the Syrian refugees contributes to their forced migration to Western countries, where ‘freedom from fear’, ‘freedom from want’, and ‘freedom from indignity’ are relatively assured.
This paper uses bibliometric analysis to evaluate the literature on immigration, crime, and violence to find out how these concepts are studied across disciplines. The paper gave specific attention to the field of Criminology to demonstrate the variation of the use of these concepts in the literature and how much it differs from other disciplines. To meet these expectations, we examined how journals are categorized based on covering how immigration and crime interact in social science disciplines. Moreover, the analysis maps how research articles interact in different journals and what types of topics receive the most attention among researchers by looking at cross-citation data and keyword selection. The findings show that, overall, the number of publications used at least one of the studied items (immigration, crime, and violence) as a keyword increased tremendously in the last two decades. The most studied concept amongst all disciplines is violence, followed by gender and crime with the combination of migration, immigration, immigrants. The topic has been mostly studied from the ‘receiving country’ perspective and funding leads to an increase in publications. The findings suggest Criminology is the top field producing most of the studies in the field followed by public health-related research. These findings suggest that migration, when it is connected to crime and violence, is considered an individual- and social-level challenge requiring the attention of experts in understanding criminal and deviant behavior as well as experts from public health.
International and regional conflicts have been the most significant source of forced displacement and mass migration for decades. In a globalized world, human displacement reached its highest numbers and conflict became the number one reason for people to leave their home countries. This chapter analyzes the relationship between conflict and human displacement in a globalized context and demonstrates different stages of displacement. Each stage is connected with relevant levels of analysis (international, state, society, and individual) and the chapter argues that refugees become subjects of different risks at international, state, and societal levels during and after the displacement process. At each level, the nature of vulnerability changes and refugees are mostly affected by several external conditions, of which they have very limited control. By looking at the human (forced) displacement as a phenomenon from global to regional than local will help us to understand how the displacement process itself increases the vulnerability of displaced groups and individuals.
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