Received November 2006; Revised February 2007; Accepted February 2007 Keywords: borders; Mexico; United States; barriers; perceived constraints; student travel. INTRODUCTIONO ne of the most important traditional functions of international boundaries is to filter or impede the flow of people, products and ideas. While this is changing in many situations along with the process of globalisation (e.g. European Union), in most parts of the world it is not. Even at so-called 'friendly' borders, psychological constraints are so determined by the border itself that many people turn away from crossing borders for leisure and tourism purposes.Restrictions on leisure have received considerable academic attention in recent years, typically identifying constraints that keep people from participating in various activities (see Crawford and Godbey, 1987;Stodolska, 1998;Little, 2002). Constraints to travel have received much due attention in recent years as well (see Nyaupane et al., 2004;Kerstetter et al., 2005;Smith and Carmichael, 2005;Wilson and Little, 2005). According to Jackson (2000Jackson ( , 2005, although individuals have many limitations to everyday activities, human constraints in the context of leisure and travel can generally be reduced to three types: intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural. Intrapersonal constraints prevent people from participating in certain activities because of perceptions of self (e.g. low skill level). Interpersonal constraints involve relations with other people, such as not having anyone to travel with. The final type of constraint, structural, refers to barriers that lie outside one's psyche and reliance on others and include policy issues, lack of time or physical barriers.Regarding constraints, Timothy (2001) identified two broad categories of deterrents to travel created by international boundaries: perceived and real. Perceived barriers are created when different languages and cultures, political systems, and economies meet at borders. Such differences make many people reluctant to travel abroad. Real barriers, which also influence perceived barriers, are those created by strict crossing requirements, a defensive border infrastructure and official prohibitions. These, then, physically prevent people from travelling across boundaries, whereas perceived constraints are more likely to affect people psychologically, thereby keeping them from crossing. There are clear undertones of intrapersonal and interpersonal barriers associated with the perceived constraints of international boundaries, although both are grounded in the implications of the existence of border-related structural constraints. Although intrapersonal and interpersonal limitations clearly apply to international travel, the concern in this paper, that is, the USMexico border as a barrier to travel, focuses primarily on the structural constraints associated with the border itself and the act of crossing it. The Mexican towns and cities adjacent to the border have long been significant destinations for overnight tou...
This article explores the dynamics of the US–Mexico border as a tourist destination for American university students. It examines international borders as tourist destinations and then highlights the results of a study among students who have visited Mexican border-towns along the US border. Based on nearly 300 questionnaires, the reasons for visiting the border were identified and a factor analysis conducted to understand better the relationships at play between borderland characteristics and tourist motives. The factor analysis resulted in the classification of border visitors as consumers, excitement seekers and learners.
The growing need to gain efficiencies within a home care setting has prompted home care practitioners to focus on health informatics to address the needs of an aging clientele. The remote and heterogeneous nature of the home care environment necessitates the use of non-intrusive client monitoring and a portable, point-of-care graphical user interface. Using a grounded theory approach, this article examines the simulated use of a graphical user interface by practitioners in a home care setting to explore the salient features of monitoring the activity of home care clients. The results demonstrate the need for simple, interactive displays that can provide large amounts of geographical and temporal data relating to patient activity. Additional emerging themes from interviews indicate that home care professionals would use a graphical user interface of this type for patient education and goal setting as well as to assist in the decision-making process of home care practitioners.
The overt manipulation of tourist destination image (TDI) is a commonly accepted practice among tourism destination marketing organizations, as well as, tourism business interests. While there has been significant critique of the business of tourism and tourism marketing's role in worldmaking-as recently covered in the pages of this journal and in other publications like Tourism Geographiesless scrutiny has focused on how public policy acts, through tourism, as a salient worldmaker. This article from Canally and Carmichael (in Canada) constructs a framework incorporating models from tourist destination image research and critical theory to determine how governmental public policy, both domestic and international, influence TDI formation. This framework is then used to conduct a critical discourse analysis of the three key US policy documents that formulate the US government's stance towards diplomatic relations with Cuba. The result is a political economy of TDI, which traces the influence of intergovernmental and extra-governmental power structures that manipulate the image of a potential tourist destination (Cuba), to manufacture a discourse that aligns with the ideologies of the political elites in the US. A conceptual model of governmental manipulation of image formation agents is proposed.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.