Many network applications, e.g., industrial control, demand Ultra-Low Latency (ULL). However, traditional packet networks can only reduce the end-to-end latencies to the order of tens of milliseconds. The IEEE 802.1 Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) standard and related research studies have sought to provide link layer support for ULL networking, while the emerging IETF Deterministic Networking (DetNet) standards seek to provide the complementary network layer ULL support. This article provides an up-to-date comprehensive survey of the IEEE TSN and IETF DetNet standards and the related research studies. The survey of these standards and research studies is organized according to the main categories of flow concept, flow synchronization, flow management, flow control, and flow integrity. ULL networking mechanisms play a critical role in the emerging fifth generation (5G) network access chain from wireless devices via access, backhaul, and core networks. We survey the studies that specifically target the support of ULL in 5G networks, with the main categories of fronthaul, backhaul, and network management. Throughout, we identify the pitfalls and limitations of the existing standards and research studies. This survey can thus serve as a basis for the development of standards enhancements and future ULL research studies that address the identified pitfalls and limitations.

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In two-dimensional van der Waals magnets, the presence of magnetic orders, strong spin–orbit coupling, and asymmetry at interfaces is the key ingredient for hosting noncollinear spin textures. Here, we investigate the characteristics and evolution of magnetic domain structures in thin Fe3GeTe2 nanolayers as a function of temperature, applied magnetic field, and specimen thickness using advanced magnetic electron microscopy. Specifically, electron holography analyses reveal the spin configurations of Bloch-type, zero-field-stabilized magnetic bubbles in 20-nm-thick Fe3GeTe2 nanolayers at cryogenic temperature. In situ Lorentz transmission electron microscopy measurements further provide detailed magnetic phase diagrams of noncollinear spin textures, including magnetic spirals and bubbles in Fe3GeTe2 as a function of temperature, applied magnetic field, and specimen thickness. We further estimate the micromagnetic parameters of Fe3GeTe2, such as anisotropy energy density and magnetization at specific specimen temperature using the critical thicknesses measured from Lorentz microscopy measurements. Our experimental results of magnetic domain structures in Fe3GeTe2 nanolayers reveal that due to their intrinsic highly uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy, a very thin film of tens of nanometers of Fe3GeTe2 can support the spontaneous and stable formation of zero-field magnetic bubbles.