Objective The Da Qing Diabetes Prevention program (DQDP) was a randomized lifestyle modification intervention conducted in 1986 for the prevention and control of type 2 diabetes in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance. The current study estimated long-term cost-effectiveness of the program based on the health utilities from the Chinese population. Methods A Markov Monte Carlo model was developed to estimate the impact of the intervention from the healthcare system perspective. The analysis was run over 30-year and lifetime periods and costs were estimated respectively as health management service costs. Baseline characteristics and intervention effects were assessed from the DQDP. Utilities and costs were generated from relevant literature. The outcome measures were program cost per quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the intervention. Sensitivity analyses and threshold analyses were performed. Results Using a 30-year horizon, the intervention strategy was cost-saving and was associated with better health outcomes (increase of 0.74 QALYs per intervention participant). Using a lifetime horizon, the intervention strategy was cost-saving and was associated with additional 1.44 QALYs. Sensitivity analyses showed that the overall ICER was most strongly influenced by the hazard ratio of cardiovascular disease event. Conclusions The Da Qing lifestyle intervention in a Chinese population with impaired glucose tolerance is likely to translate into substantial economic value. It is cost-saving over a 30-year time and lifetime frame.
Li 2 FeSiO 4 /C was synthesized from a mixture of Li 2 SiO 3 , FeC 2 O 4 ?2H 2 O, citric acid and sucrose via a simple solid-state, high-temperature treatment. The Li 2 SiO 3 produced via the simple ball-milling of LiOH?H 2 O and H 2 SiO 3 can simultaneously provides Li and Si. The resulting Li 2 FeSiO 4 /C sample was characterized via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and electrochemical measurements. The amount of carbon coated on the Li 2 FeSiO 4 /C particles is approximately 8.98 wt%, which can increase the conductivity of the materials. However, byproduct LiFeO 2 appears in the as-synthesized sample. The obtained Li 2 FeSiO 4 /C sample exhibits an initial discharge capacity that exceeds 170 mA h g 21 and a cyclic discharge capacity of approximately 120 mA h g 21 at a current density of 10 mA g 21 under room temperature.
The effect of ultrasound treatment on water‐holding capacity (WHC) of beef during freezing‐thawing process was investigated. The results showed that the WHC of beef without ultrasound was 0.69 after one freezing–thawing process. In different stages of freezing and thawing (before freezing, during freezing, during thawing, and after thawing), the application of ultrasound (400 w, 45 kHz) could improve the WHC quality of beef: the WHC was improved most during thawing, which could reach 0.78. And then, ultrasound treatment could reduce hardness but improve springiness (p < .05) and pH value of beef in freezing–thawing process. Scanning electron microscope images showed that the lacuna of myofibrils increased, which indicated that the ultrasound could help to improve the WHC. Based on the results obtained, ultrasound treatment may be recommended as a useful means to improve the WHC of beef during freezing–thawing process. Practical applications In the process of food production, raw meat may undergo repeated freezing–thawing, which would affect the quality of meat. Ultrasound, as a new technology, was used in this study. This study showed that ultrasound could help to improve the WHC of beef during freezing–thawing process. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that ultrasound can be used as an effective technology to improve the quality of beef during freezing–thawing process.
ObjectiveA number of factors contribute to the utilisation of family doctor contract services (FDCS) in China. This study aims to measure the preferences of the elderly for the FDCS and identify the key factors (and their relative importance) that may guide policymakers in more accurately providing the FDCS.Participants and methodsA discrete choice experiment was performed to elicit the preferences for FDCS among the rural elderly in China. Attributes and levels were established based on qualitative methods. Four attributes were included: service type, service package, physician’s reputation and annual contract costs. A D-efficient design was used to create a set of profiles that represented FDCS. The survey was conducted face to face using a sample of participants aged 60 and above in rural areas of Anhui Province. The data were analysed using a latent class logit (LCL) model.ResultsA total of 545 valid questionnaires were included in the analysis. The average age of the participants was 69.44 (SD 5.80). Two latent classes were identified with the LCL model. All four attributes proved statistically significant at the level of both the population mean and the two classes. The rural elderly showed a preference for FDCS with a relatively good reputation, lower annual contract costs, the basic service with the add-on of chronic disease service and home visit. Age, gender, education, self-reported health status and the number of chronic diseases were found to be associated with latent class membership.ConclusionIn this study, the physician’s reputation had the largest impact on the rural elderly’s choice of FDCS. Policy recommendations included the need to strengthen family doctor team training, devote greater attention to improving the family doctor’s medical skills and service approaches, and increased FDCS efficiency for the care of the rural elderly.
This study was conducted to design an http://electrochemical sensor for detection of l‐glutamate (L‐Glu) and Aspartate (Asp), which contribute largely to the umami taste of beef. Using N, N'‐diphenylthiourea (DPTU), polypyrrole (PPy), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a composite electrode (DPTU/PVC/PPy/Pt) was prepared for rapidly electrochemical detection of l‐Glu and Asp. The surface morphology of the synthesized functionalized electrode was characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Potentials of umami amino acids accounted for 97.8%, while six interferential amino acids existed. The linear correlation between the content of l‐Glu and Asp in beef broth was studied under different treatment conditions. The sensor compared with an amino acid analyzer well detected the contents of l‐Glu and Asp in beef broths, with a coefficient of 0.991 in Pearson correlation analysis and an accuracy of 88.9%. The proposed electrochemical sensor showed good concurrence with previously reported methods and was effectively employed for the quantification of l‐ Glu and Asp in beef. Practical Application The sensor exhibits the good performance with high stability and high accuracy. And it is a potential sensing platform with good reproducibility, making the proposed method suitable and reliable for routine analysis of L‐Glu and Asp in beef. This method was proved promising for quantitative detecting amino acids in beef.
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