The baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) is less informative in neurally mediated syncope (NMS) than in arrhythmic syncope. However, some of the ECG patterns present in NMS can have diagnostic and prognostic value in such patients. Electrocardiographic documentation of a syncopal spell and thus identification of the ECG changes can be performed during tilt table test (TTT) or during prolonged ECG monitoring. This work reviews the specific ECG patterns in NMS, which are primarily related to the cardioinhibitory reflex. In addition, there are other ECG findings present in patients with NMS that are being analyzed, such as increased heart rate variability as well as specific QRS voltage patterns. In addition to the diagnostic and prognostic value, these ECG patterns in NMS may help improving the selection of patients for pacemaker implant.

Among the different types, immunoglobulin light chain (AL) cardiac amyloidosis is associated with the highest morbidity and mortality. The outcome, however, is significantly better when an early diagnosis is made and treatment initiated promptly. We present a case of cardiac amyloidosis with left ventricular hypertrophy criteria on the electrocardiogram. After 9 months of follow-up, the patient developed low voltage in the limb leads, while still maintaining the Cornell criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy as well. The relative apical sparing by the disease process, as well as decreased cancellation of the opposing left ventricular walls could be responsible for this phenomenon. The discordance between the voltage in the frontal leads and precordial leads, when present in conjunction with other findings, may be helpful in raising the clinical suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis.

A 69-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and obesity, hospitalized with atypical chest pain, was diagnosed with left ventricular noncompaction. In-hospital monitoring of the cardiac rhythm revealed multiple episodes of atrial tachycardia and one episode of wide complex tachycardia (WCT) with left bundle branch block-like morphology and a right superior QRS axis. The electrocardiographic criteria were suggestive of a supraventricular origin of the WCT. Given the importance of reaching the correct diagnosis when dealing with a WCT, we tried to further define the pattern of ventricular activation using vectorcardiography (VCG). We analyzed the QRS loops during WCT in comparison to a sinus beat, a narrow complex tachycardia beat, and a premature ventricular contraction. The fast initial activation seen in the efferent limb of the QRS loop during the WCT was thought to be reflective of the fast initial activation via the conduction system seen in SVT with aberrancy, which was our final diagnosis for the WCT episode. This case illustrates a novel use of vectorcardiography as an additional diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of WCT.

We present the case of a 71-year-old man with history of smoking, pulmonary emphysema, hypertension, multivessel coronary artery disease and prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery who presented with spontaneous right-sided pneumothorax associated with phasic changes of the QRS amplitude on the electrocardiogram. While several case reports have described QRS amplitude changes associated with left-sided pneumothorax, reports of phasic ECG changes in right-sided pneumothorax are exceedingly rare. Such changes, when present in a patient with sudden onset chest pain and dyspnea, should prompt a diagnostic workup for possible pneumothorax.

Amyloidosis represents a heterogeneous group of disorders caused by amyloid fibril deposition in the extracellular space in different organs. Among the many types of amyloidosis cardiac involvement occurs almost exclusively with immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL amyloidosis) or transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR amyloidosis). When present cardiac amyloidosis (CA) has a significant impact on disease prognosis. The typical clinical presentation in CA is that of a restrictive cardiomyopathy. Clinical suspicion of CA is based on clinical, laboratory and electrocardiographic findings. The diagnosis is confirmed using echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, biopsy, and/or bone scintigraphy. A precise definition of amyloidosis type is essential for choosing the specific treatment for this condition. Treatment of CA has two components: general treatment of congestive HF, and specific treatment of the underlying protein misfolding disorder.