On the justification of intergroup violence: The roles of procedural justice, police legitimacy and group identity in attitudes towards violence among indigenous people
This study explores how researchers’ analytical choices affect the reliability of scientific findings. Most discussions of reliability problems in science focus on systematic biases. We broaden the lens to emphasize the idiosyncrasy of conscious and unconscious decisions that researchers make during data analysis. We coordinated 161 researchers in 73 research teams and observed their research decisions as they used the same data to independently test the same prominent social science hypothesis: that greater immigration reduces support for social policies among the public. In this typical case of social science research, research teams reported both widely diverging numerical findings and substantive conclusions despite identical start conditions. Researchers’ expertise, prior beliefs, and expectations barely predict the wide variation in research outcomes. More than 95% of the total variance in numerical results remains unexplained even after qualitative coding of all identifiable decisions in each team’s workflow. This reveals a universe of uncertainty that remains hidden when considering a single study in isolation. The idiosyncratic nature of how researchers’ results and conclusions varied is a previously underappreciated explanation for why many scientific hypotheses remain contested. These results call for greater epistemic humility and clarity in reporting scientific findings.
ResumenEl propósito del presente artículo es delimitar y caracterizar la estructura urbana de Santiago de Chile a partir de la relación entre los lugares de residencia y de trabajo de sus habitantes, que conforman zonas de mercado laboral local. Se exponen los criterios y procedimientos metodológicos empleados, de acuerdo con los cuales se establecen estas zonas y se las describe sobre la base de esta delimitación funcional, a fin de determinar en qué medida condicionan las desigualdades sociales en la ciudad. Se analizan en términos espaciales la desigualdad de ingresos, el acceso a la educación y la composición de las clases sociales.
Palabras claveCiudades, mercado de trabajo, empleo, domicilio y residencia, clases sociales, igualdad, ingresos, educación, indicadores socioeconómicos, Chile Clasificación JEL
J60, D63, Z13Autores
Why do people participate in different forms of collective action? This article analyses the impact that perceptions of injustice in the way authorities treat citizens and the legitimacy of authorities have on attitudes towards normative, e.g., voting in a plebiscite or peacefully protesting, and non-normative, e.g., violent protests or barricades, collective action. We propose a dialogue between the social psychology of social movements and theories of social justice and legitimacy to consider the joint effect of perceived injustices and legitimacy on collective action. We analysed data from a representative sample of the Chilean population (n = 1,805). Through an analysis of structural equations we found that perceived injustice is related to lower beliefs in the legitimacy of authorities, and that this leads to a greater justification for nonnormative collective action and lower justification for normative collective action. Results were analysed within the current context of radicalization of social mobilizations throughout the world and in Chile.
RESUMEN / ABSTRACTEn el presente artículo se caracteriza la fisionomía de la lectura en formatos digitales, especialmente en comparación con los impresos. Para esto se analiza la lectura en formatos digitales de cuatro materiales de lectura en el Chile actual (libros, revistas, periódicos e historietas) a partir del Estudio de Comportamiento Lector 2014. Las prácticas lectoras son analizadas en cuanto prácticas culturales más amplias, lo que permite dar cuenta de la afinidad existente entre prácticas lectoras y determinados grupos sociales. En particular, se examinan las implicancias de ser un "lector omnívoro" en términos de formatos digitales e impresos. Se encuentra que los "lectores omnívoros" corresponden a perfiles lectores de posiciones sociales aventajadas en términos de educación e ingresos del hogar. Además, los omnívoros son quienes exhiben una mayor disposición a leer distintos materiales y en distintos formatos. Finalmente, se evidencia que existe una reproducción intergeneracional de la desigual disposición a leer en formatos digitales a partir del análisis de la educación de los padres.PALABRAS CLAVE: lectura digital en Chile, prácticas lectoras en Chile, lectura y distinción social, omnivorismo lector.
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