12Amongst the sport dietary supplements, those manufactured with whey protein (WP) represent an 13 important amino acid source especially due to its high biological value. However, as a result of 14 product lack of uniformity, the nutritional quality of this type of product is uncertain. Thus, the aim 15 of this study was to investigate the protein quality of WP supplements produced by U.S. (WP-16 USA), and Brazilian companies (WP-BRA), evaluating the in vitro protein digestibility, and the 17 essential amino acid (EEA) composition. In addition, the amino acid (AAS) and protein 18 digestibility-corrected amino acid (PDCAAS) scores were calculated. Although WP-USA 19 supplement exhibited greater (P < 0.05) digestibility than WP-BRA counterparts, both WP 20 supplements exhibited greater (P < 0.05) digestibility than soy and caseinate isolate supplements, 21 which were used as reference. Considering the WHO/FAO/UNU protein standard for non-athletic 22 adult, the WP-USA and WP-BRA supplements scored high AAS. In addition, the PDCAAS values 23 on both supplement groups were >1.0, with exception of threonine and valine in WP-USA, and 24 isoleucine and leucine in WP-BRA. However, when the calculated AAS and PDCAAS based on the 25 M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2 suggestion for adult athletes were considered, both supplements exhibited suboptimal score values 26 for several EAA. In addition, both WP-USA and WP-BRA supplements were unable to supply the 27 suggested adult athlete EAA requirement. 28 29 Key words: Essential amino acid; Amino acid score; Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid 30 score; protein quality. 31 32 42 Differences in the physical-chemical composition of WP supplements potentially influence 43 its nutritional effect on the human body (Manninen, 2009). The nutritional quality of WP 44 supplement depends on amino acid composition, bioavailability of essential amino acids, protein 45 digestibility, and physiological utilization of specific amino acids after digestion and absorption 46 (Lemon et al., 2002). Whey protein is considered an important source of essential amino acids 47 (EAA), of which the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine, isoleucine and valine have been 48 associated with increased stimulus of skeletal muscle protein synthesis (Rankin & Darragh, 2006).
Infant formulas are an alternative to replace or supplement human milk when breastfeeding is not possible. The knowledge of human milk’s bioactive compounds and their beneficial effects has attracted the interest of researchers in the field of infant nutrition, as well as researchers of technology and food sciences that seek to improve the nutritional characteristics of infant formulas. Several scientific studies evaluate the optimization of infant formula composition. The bioactive compound inclusion has been used to upgrade the quality and nutrition of infant formulas. In this context, the purpose of this systematic literature review is to assess the scientific evidence of bioactive compounds present in infant formulas (α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, taurine, milk fat globule membrane, folates, polyamines, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, prebiotics, and probiotics) and their effects on infant nutrition and health. Through previously determined criteria, studies published in the last fifteen years from five different databases were included to identify the advances in the optimization of infant formula composition. Over the last few years, there has been optimization of the infant formula composition, not only to increase the similarities in their content of macro and micronutrients but also to include novel bioactive ingredients with potential health benefits for infants. Although the infant food industry has advanced in the last years, there is no consensus on whether novel bioactive ingredients added to infant formulas have the same functional effects as the compounds found in human milk. Thus, further studies about the impact of bioactive compounds in infant nutrition are fundamental to infant health.
Whey protein (WP) supplements have received increasing attention by consumers due to the high nutritional value of the proteins and amino acids they provide. However, some WP supplements may not contain the disclosed amounts of the ingredients listed on the label, compromising the nutritional quality and the effectiveness of these supplements. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the contents of total protein (TP), α-lactalbumin (α-LA), β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), free essential amino acids (free EAA), and free branched-chain amino acids (free BCAA), amongst different WP supplements produced by U.S. and Brazilian companies. Twenty commercial brands of WP supplements were selected, ten manufactured in U.S. (WP-USA) and ten in Brazil (WP-BRA). The TP was analyzed using the Kjeldahl method, while α-LA, β-LG, free EAA, and free BCAA were analyzed using HPLC system. There were higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of TP, α-LA, β-LG, and free BCAA in WP-USA supplements, as compared to the WP-BRA supplements; however, there was no difference (p > 0.05) in the content of free EAA between WP-USA and WP-BRA. Amongst the 20 brands evaluated, four WP-USA and seven WP-BRA had lower (p < 0.05) values of TP than those specified on the label. In conclusion, the WP-USA supplements exhibited better nutritional quality, evaluated by TP, α-LA, β-LG, and free BCAA when compared to WP-BRA.
Infant formulas are manufactured products to meet specific nutritional requirements for infants. However, infant formulas can contain harmful substances, such as chemical contaminants and residues, normally due to possible contamination of the raw material or from the production chain. Some studies have demonstrated that veterinary drugs, pesticides, mycotoxins, heavy metals, packaging materials, within other chemicals are found in infant formulas from different sources of contamination. It is known that some of these substances can be hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, immunotoxic, contributing to antibiotic resistance, among other detrimental consequences for consumers’ health. The purpose of this review is to assess the scientific evidence concerning the occurrence, sources, and pathways of contamination, as well as the detrimental impacts on infant health due to the possible presence of chemical contaminants and residues in infant formulas. Moreover, strategies to reduce the risk of contamination of infant formulas are presented to ensure the highest standards of quality of infant formulas. The entire infant formula manufacturing process should be monitored and controlled to minimize the risk of contamination during processing, storage, and distribution, besides ensuring the use of raw materials with as low as acceptable levels of harmful substances in order to assure that the final product shall comply with the maximum levels and maximum residue limits, when established, for residues and contaminants in the final product.
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