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 Sugarcane grown under low light showed increased PEPCK activity.  Changes in chloroplast arrangements in bundle sheath cells were also observed.  Such morpho-physiological adjustments maintained C4 photosynthetic efficiency.  A model considering carboxylation and decarboxylation pathways is proposed.

Water deficit is an important exogenous factor that enhances the influx of sucrose into sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) stem internodes during ripening, when photosynthetic ability in supplying sinks is essential. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that drought tolerance in sugarcane is associated with an effective antioxidant protection during the ripening phase, which might maintain a favorable redox balance in chloroplasts and protect photosynthesis under drought conditions. Two commercial sugarcane varieties, IACSP94-2094 (tolerant) and IACSP96-2042 (sensitive), with contrasting behavior under water deficit, were subjected to water withholding during the ripening stage. Our results revealed that the tolerant variety was less affected by water deficit, maintaining photosynthesis for a longer period and showing a faster recovery after rehydration as compared to the sensitive one. As consequence, the tolerant variety faced lesser excess of light energy at PSII. The maintenance of photosynthesis under water deficit and its fast recovery after rehydration resulted in the lower leaf H2O2 concentration and favorable redox status in the drought-tolerant genotype, which was associated with stimulation of superoxide dismutase during ripening. Our results also revealed that ferric superoxide dismutase isoforms were strongly enhanced under drought conditions, playing an important role in chloroplast redox homeostasis.Additional key words: chlorophyll fluorescence; leaf gas exchange; oxidative stress; water stress.

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ResumoEmbora a resposta da fotossíntese de plantas de cana-de-açúcar a estresses ambientais seja conhecida, o acúmulo de fitomassa e a dinâmica de carboidratos de reserva diante da exposição simultânea ao frio e à seca são pouco conhecidos. Este trabalho objetiva investigar o efeito do déficit hídrico e da baixa temperatura radicular, isolados e simultaneamente, no genótipo de cana-de-açúcar IACSP94-2094, considerado tolerante à seca. Como hipótese, consideramos que este genótipo também é tolerante à baixa temperatura radicular, já que baixas temperaturas e déficit hídrico ocorrem simultaneamente no campo. A imposição da restrição hídrica de forma isolada ou simultaneamente à baixa temperatura radicular causou redução do potencial da água na folha e da assimilação de CO 2 , o que não foi observado nas plantas submetidas apenas à baixa temperatura do substrato. Os teores foliares de carboidratos não estruturais, de sacarose e de amido aumentaram nas plantas sob frio radicular. Nos tratamentos com déficit hídrico, apenas o teor de amido foliar diminuiu. Os estresses radiculares causaram aumento nos teores de açúcares solúveis totais e diminuição no teor de amido nas raízes. Como o acúmulo de fitomassa das plantas não foi afetado, mesmo com a restrição no crescimento radicular nos tratamentos com baixa temperatura do substrato, conclui-se que o genótipo de cana-de-açúcar IACSP94-2094 contém indícios de tolerância à baixa temperatura radicular. A manutenção do crescimento da planta deve estar associada à degradação das reservas de amido foliares e radiculares.Palavras-chave: Saccharum, seca, baixa temperatura, crescimento, fotossíntese. Gas exchange and carbohydrate balance in sugarcane plants under root stressful conditions AbstractAlthough the photosynthetic responses of sugarcane plants to environmental stresses are well documented, the biomass accumulation and the dynamic of carbohydrate reserves under simultaneous exposure of roots to low temperature and drought are not known. This work aims to investigate the effect of water deficit and low substrate temperature stresses, occurring alone or in combination, on the sugarcane IACSP94-2094, a drought-tolerant genotype. As our hypothesis, we assume that this genotype is also tolerant to low substrate temperature, since low temperatures and water deficit occur simultaneously under field conditions. The water deficit alone or in combination with low substrate temperature caused reductions in leaf water potential and CO 2 assimilation, which was not observed in plants subjected only to low substrate temperature. The leaf concentration of non-structural carbohydrates, sucrose and starch increased in plants under root chilling. In plants subjected to water deficit, we noticed decreases in leaf starch concentration. The root stresses caused an increase in the total soluble sugar concentration and reduction in starch concentration in sugarcane roots. As the plant biomass accumulation was not affected, even with the impairment of root growth under low substrate temperature...

The water availability at early phenological stages is critical for crop establishment and sugarcane varieties show differential performance under drought. Herein, we evaluated the relative importance of morphological and physiological plasticity of young sugarcane plants grown under water deficit, testing the hypothesis that high phenotypic plasticity is associated with drought tolerance. IACSP95-5000 is a high yielding genotype and IACSP94-2094 has good performance under water limiting environments. Plants were grown in rhizotrons for 35 days under three water availabilities: high (soil water matric potential [Ψm] higher than -20 kPa); intermediate (Ψm reached -65 and -90 kPa at the end of experimental period) and low (Ψm reached values lower than -150 kPa). Our data revealed that morphological and physiological responses of sugarcane to drought are dependent on genotype and intensity of water deficit. In general, IACSP95-5000 showed higher physiological plasticity given by leaf gas exchange and photochemical traits, whereas IACSP94-2094 showed higher morphological plasticity determined by changes in leaf area (LA) and specific LA. As IACSP94-2094 accumulated less biomass than IACSP95-5000 under varying water availability, it is suggested that high morphological plasticity does not always represent an effective advantage to maintain plant growth under water deficit. In addition, our results revealed that sugarcane varieties face water deficit using distinct strategies based on physiological or morphological changes. When the effectiveness of those changes in maintaining plant growth under low water availability is taken into account, our results indicate that the physiological plasticity is more important than the morphological one in young sugarcane plants.

Although improving photosynthetic efficiency is widely recognised as an underutilized strategy to increase crop yields, research in this area is strongly biased towards species with C3 photosynthesis relative to C4 species. Here, we outline potential strategies for improving C4 photosynthesis to increase yields in crops by reviewing the major bottlenecks limiting the C4 NADP-ME pathway under optimal and suboptimal conditions. Recent experimental results demonstrate that steady state C4 photosynthesis under non-stressed conditions can be enhanced by increasing Rubisco content or electron transport capacity, both of which may also stimulate CO2 assimilation at supra-optimal temperatures. Several additional putative bottlenecks for photosynthetic performance under drought, heat or chilling stress or during photosynthetic induction await further experimental verification. Based on source-sink interactions in maize, sugarcane and sorghum, alleviating these photosynthetic bottlenecks during establishment and growth of the harvestable parts are expected to improve yield. The expected benefits are also shown to be augmented by the increasing trend in planting density, which increases the impact of photosynthetic source limitation on crop yields.

Rubisco is central to carbon assimilation and efforts to improve the efficiency and sustainability of crop production have spurred interest in phenotyping Rubisco activity. We tested the hypothesis that microtiter plate-based methods provide comparable results to those obtained with the radiometric assay that measures the incorporation of 14CO2 into 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). Three NADH-linked assays were tested that use alternative coupling enzymes: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase and glycerolphosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH-GlyPDH); phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxylase and malate-dehydrogenase (PEPC-MDH); pyruvate-kinase and lactate-dehydrogenase (PK-LDH). To date there has been no thorough evaluation of their reliability by comparison with the 14C-based method. The three NADH-linked assays were used in parallel to estimate (1) the 3-PGA concentration response curve of NADH oxidation, (2) the Michaelis-Menten constant for RuBP, (3) fully active and inhibited Rubisco activities, and (4) Rubisco initial and total activities in fully illuminated and shaded leaves. All three methods correlated strongly with the 14C-based method, and the PK-LDH method showed a strong correlation and was the cheapest method. PEPC-MDH would be a suitable option for situations where ADP/ATP might interfere with the assay. GAPDH-GlyPDH proved more laborious than the other methods. Thus, we recommend the PK-LDH as a reliable, cheaper and higher throughput method to phenotype Rubisco activity for crop improvement efforts.