Presentación del dossier "Economía Popular: entre la informalidad y la reproducción ampliada"
This article argues that the contradictory character of Ecuador's current development project is made evident through a focus on energy resource management from a feminist ecological perspective. The hydrocarbon exploitation fundamental to these projects transforms women's roles in social reproduction and production, their relationship with nature, and their dependence on state‐institutionalized energy regimes. We examine changes in women's territorially based work of care at sites in Ecuador's petroleum circuit. An ethnographic focus on the transformation of women's daily lives at sites of petroleum exploration, exploitation, and processing in Ecuador reveals an often overlooked dimension of the socioenvironmental conflicts produced by the intensification of national economic insertion into the global energy market. This article thus examines the intersection of state development policies and the gendered construction of subjects of development. The exploitation of natural resources transforms the meanings and values of nature and development, of women's work of care, and of the participation of these in different energy regimes.
During the past decade, Ecuador’s Alianza PAÍS socialist government, primarily under the leadership of Rafael Correa, was committed to moving toward a post-neoliberal economy and implementing a “New Amazon” free of poverty, with expanded infrastructure and services, as part of the redistribution of oil revenues. However, in sites of state development projects, gender hierarchies and territorial dispossession in fact became more acute. Analysis of two place-based indigenous political ecologies—one in the central Amazon, where the state licensed new oil blocks in Sapara territory to a Chinese company in 2016, and the other in the Kichwa community of Playas de Cuyabeno in the northern Amazon, where the state company PetroAmazonas has operated since the 1970s—shows how women have reconfigured their ethnic and gender identities in relation to oil companies and the state in the context of rising and falling oil prices and in doing so reinforced or challenged male leaders’ positions in the internal structures of their communities and organizations. Durante la última década, el gobierno socialista de Alianza PAÍS de Ecuador, principalmente bajo el liderazgo de Rafael Correa, se comprometió a avanzar hacia una economía posneoliberal e implementar una “Nueva Amazonía” libre de pobreza, con infraestructura y servicios ampliados, como parte de la redistribución de los ingresos petroleros. Sin embargo, en los sitios de proyectos estatales de desarrollo, las jerarquías de género y el despojo territorial de hecho se hicieron más agudos. Análisis de dos ecologías políticas indígenas basadas en el lugar—una en la Amazonía central, donde el estado otorgó licencias de nuevos bloques petroleros en el territorio de Sapara a una compañía china en 2016, y la otra en la comunidad Kichwa de Playas de Cuyabeno, en el norte de la Amazonía, donde la compañía estatal PetroAmazonas ha operado desde la década de 1970—muestra cómo las mujeres han reconfigurado sus identidades étnicas y de género en relación con las compañías petroleras y el estado en el contexto del alza y la caída de los precios del petróleo y, al hacerlo, refuerzan o desafían las posiciones de los líderes masculinos en la estructura interna de sus comunidades y organizaciones.
ResumenLas dinámicas sociales, económicas y políticas en la región andina dependen fundamentalmente de articulaciones entre la ciudad y el campo. El artículo identifica características fundamentales de la constitución mutua de lo urbano y lo rural boliviano, basándose en una colección de estudios sobre el tema y enfatizando las consecuencias de la paradójica falta de incorporación institucional y estatal de esos vínculos. Aunque las políticas estatales de regularización y de participación popular abrieron ciertas posibilidades económicas y socio-políticas para la población campesina e indígena, la combinación de la flexibilización institucional de estas políticas con su poca atención a las realidades concretas urbano-rurales también dejó más desprotegidos a los bolivianos más vulnerables.Palabras clave: Bolivia, articulaciones territoriales, urbano-rural, periurbano, multilocalidad AbstractThe social, economic and political dynamics in the Andean region depend fundamentally on the links between city and countryside. This article identifies fundamental characteristics of the mutual constitution of Bolivian rural and urban spheres, based on a collection of studies on the theme. It seeks to explore the consequences of the paradoxical lack of incorporation of these links into institutional and state mechanisms. Although state policies of regularization and popular participation opened economic and political possibilities for the Bolivian rural and indigenous populations, the combination of institutional flexibility of these policies with their lack of attention to urban-rural realities increases the vulnerability of the most marginalized Bolivians.
What is a life worth living and how is it concretely actualized by an urban majority making often unanticipated, unformatted uses of the urban to engender livelihoods in a dynamic and open-ended process? This is the key question undertaken in this collectively written piece. This means thinking about work, paid and unpaid, in ways that highlight the everyday practices of urban inhabitants as they put together territories in which to operate, which sustain their imaginations of well-being as part of a process of being with others—in households, neighborhoods, communities, and institutions. What is it that different kinds of workers have in common; what links them; where does the household begin and end; what is the difference between productive and reproductive work?
Social inequalities can only be understood through the interaction of their multiple dimensions. In this essay, we show that the economic and environmental impacts of natural resource extraction exacerbate gendered disparities through the intensification and devaluation of care work. A chikungunya epidemic in the refinery city of Esmeraldas, Ecuador, serves to highlight the embodied and structural violence of unhealthy conditions. Despite its promises of development, the extraction-based economy in Esmeraldas has not increased its vulnerable populations’ opportunities. It has, instead, deepened class and gendered hierarchies. In this context, the most severe effects of chikungunya are experienced by women, who bear the burden of social reproduction and sustaining lives under constant threat.
<p lang="es-ES" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Desde hace décadas, feministas economistas han demostrado que las diferenciaciones y jerarquizaciones entre hombres y mujeres son fundamentales para la organización de las sociedades capitalistas. En este artículo, vemos que los análisis feministas cobran una nueva fuerza y relevancia en el contexto de los rasgos y mecanismos del capitalismo contemporáneo. Enfatizamos tres aportes principales de sus estudios. Primero, con su señalamiento de la invisibilización del trabajo reproductivo y emocional, perspectivas de la economía feminista ayudan entender la creciente importancia de las formas cognitivos y relacionales del trabajo, cada vez más importantes en relación con el ámbito productivo formal. Las transformaciones en el trabajo subyacen la redistribución de riesgo en la economía postfordista, lo cual nos lleva al segundo aporte fundamental de estudios feministas de la economía. Estos estudios arrojan luz sobre las vivencias materiales y subjetivas de poblaciones precarizadas, cuya inseguridad económica refleja su carga desigual de los riesgos característicos de la neoliberalización y financiarización de la economía. Finalmente, vemos cómo estas dinámicas aportan a las nuevas formas de la producción y la transsferencia de valor, deteniéndonos en el énfasis de estudios feministas en las desigualdades experimentadas desde los lugares externalizados y expropiadas por la acumulación de capital. </span></span></p><p lang="es-ES" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Palabras clave: Economía feminista, trabajo relacional, distribución de riesgo, transferencia de valor</span></span></p><p lang="es-ES" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p lang="es-ES" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></p><p lang="es-ES" align="JUSTIFY"><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Contributions of feminist economics to the analysis of contemporary capitalism<br /></span></span></em></p><p lang="es-ES" align="JUSTIFY"><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">For decades, feminist economists have shown that differentiations and hierarchies between men and women are central to the organization of capitalist societies. In this article, we review the renewed forms and relevance of feminist analyses in the context of contemporary capitalism’s particular features and mechanisms, highlighting three principal contributions of their insights. First, given their demonstration of the invisibility of reproductive and emotional work, feminist economics perspectives help us to understand the growing importance of cognitive and relational forms of work, which are increasingly important in relation to the formal productive sector. Transformations in labor underlie the redistribution of risk in the post-Fordism economies, which leads us to the second fundamental contribution of feminist economic studies. These studies shed light on the material and subjective experiences of precarious populations, whose economic insecurity reflects the unequal distribution of risk that is characteristic with the neo-liberalization and financializing of the economy. Finally, we see how these dynamics contribute to new forms of production and transfer of value, emphasizing feminist studies of inequalities experienced in the externalized and expropriated sites of accumulation of capital.<br /></span></span></em></p><p lang="es-ES" align="JUSTIFY"><em><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Keywords: feminist economics, relational labor, distribution of risk, transfer of value</span></span></em></p><p lang="es-ES"><em> </em></p><p> </p>
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