This paper analyzes the effects of urbanization on demand for cereal grains – rice, wheat, and coarse grains – in nine Asian countries. A complete demand system (Almost Ideal Demand System in linear form) is estimated in two stages based on aggregate time series data from 1960 to 1988.
In the high‐income countries, i.e. Japan and South Korea, urbanization was observed to significantly reduce demand for cereal grains. In the lower‐income countries, demand for cereal grains cither increased or remained the same with urbanization.
Among cereal grains, urbanization has had negative effects on demand for rice and coarse grains, but consistently positive effects on demand for wheat. Only Japan and Thailand among the countries studied have negative income elasticities of demand for total cereal grains and for rice in particular. Hence, rice remains a necessity and a normal good in most Asian countries.
Previous estimates of income elasticities of rice based on time‐series aggregate data tend to be lower than those based on cross‐section household level data. When urbanization is explicitly specified in the demand model, the estimates of income elasticities from time‐series data turn out to be consistent with those from cross‐section data.
107Huang, J. and David, c.c., 1992. Demand for cereal grains in Asia: the cffect of urbanization. Agric. Econ., This paper analyzes the effects of urbanization on demand for cereal grains -rice, wheat, and coarse grains -in nine Asian countries. A complete demand system (Almost Ideal Demand System in Iinear form) is estimated in two stages based on aggrcgate time series data l'rom 1960 to 1988.In the high-incomc countries, i.e. Japan and South Korea, urbanization was observed to significantly rcducc demand for cereal grains. In the lower-incornc countrics, demand for cereal grains either incrcased or remained the same with urbanization.Among cereal grains, urbanization has had negative effects on demand for rice and coarse grains, but consistently positive effccts on demand for wheat. Only Japan and Thailand among the countries studied have negative incornc c1asticities of demand foc total cereal grains and for riec in particular. Hence, rice remains a necessity and a normal good in most Asian countries.Previous estimates of income elasticities of rice based on timo-series aggregate data tend to be lower than thosc based on cross-section household levcl data. When urbanization is cxplicitly specified in the demand model, the estimates of income elasticitics l'rom timc-series data turn out to be consistent with those l'rom cross-section data.
Objective
We examined the psychometric properties of a biopsychosocial screening tool “You, Your Family and City of Hope are a Team” implemented via touchpad technology (YYFcore03) at a cancer center in newly diagnosed patients and patients on active treatment, with the primary objective to evaluate concurrent validity with screening criterion measures of depression and anxiety.
Methods
YYFcore03, Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ‐9], and Generalized Anxiety Disorder [GAD‐7] were administered to 608 patients in out‐patient clinics. A subset of 158 patients responding a second time to YYFcore03 at a subsequent visit were included for assessing reliability. Exploratory factor analysis followed by confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to identify underlying factors. The identified factor of psychological distress (PD) was then correlated with PHQ‐9 and GAD‐7 for concurrent validity and to estimate sensitivity‐specificity. Demographic and clinical variables associated with the PD score were identified. Test‐retest reliability of PD score was examined.
Results
Factor analysis suggested three factors, including PD. Correlations between PD score and PHQ‐9 and GAD‐7 were 0.63 and 0.67, respectively. Treating PHQ‐9 and GAD‐7 as criterion measures, PD score had a sensitivity of 0.77 for identifying depression and 0.86 for identifying anxiety. Younger age, lower household income, and cancer (vs noncancer) diagnosis were independently associated with worse PD score. Omega total for composite reliability was 0.88; intraclass correlation was 0.78.
Conclusions
The YYFcore03 administered via touchpad is a valid instrument for identifying PD in newly diagnosed patients and patients undergoing active treatment.
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