How does the concept of transnationalism fit within the framework of social identity? What is the relationship between 'diaspora' and 'transnationalism'? Do transnational migrants define themselves as such, or are they labeled by others (researchers of simply 'others')? These are some of the questions we will try to answer in this paper by discussing the concept of 'transnationalism' through the lenses of several perspectives drawn from sociology, anthropology, psychology and political science, an approach that has been speculated to contribute to the functionality of transnationalism as a definition (Vertovec, 2001). We want to highlight what is characteristic of 'transnationalism' as a concept by integrating it within the larger perspective of social identity and by comparing and contrasting it with nation/nationalism and diaspora. While belonging to one group implies exclusions from other comparable groups, we see transnationalism as fitting well within the postmodern idea of fluid identity, where defining one's self depends on the audiences without affecting the 'true' meaning of self.
In this study, we compare labor force outcomes of the two largest immigrant communities in Spain (Moroccans and Romanians) before the economic crisis hit. We are interested in understanding if and how gender influences the labor force outcomes (wage per hour, labor force participation, and unemployment rate) of these two immigrant groups. Our analyses show that, overall, gender is an important variable on Spanish labor market, but it affects differently the two groups. There is a male job market and a female job market for both Romanian and Moroccan immigrants, with men earning significantly higher wages than women. However, while for Moroccans, working women differ significantly from men in terms of demographic characteristics, Romanian women and men have similar demographic characteristics and comparable levels of labor force participation, but differ in terms of wage levels.
Why does Eastern Europe have the lowest fertility in the world? Most explanations focus on the consequences of upheaval in that region during the 1990s. These socalled "transition" explanations miss a major part of the story. For the Romanian case, we show that the decline in fertility over the 1990s represents the continuation of a longstanding trend that was only interrupted by the extremely efficient pro-natalist policies inaugurated in the 1960s. We conclude that the conventional transition explanations of the 1990s fertility decline in Eastern Europe are incomplete because they fail to give due weight to the effect of population policies.Fertility decline in Europe is not new-it began back in the nineteenth century in several European countries. Scholars still debate the relative importance of economic development, cultural change, and increasing social interaction in motivating European couples to reduce their number of offspring. What we know for certain is that fertility decreased substantially and, during the twentieth century, fell well below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman, long considered by demographers as a kind of watershed event.The problem of falling fertility has been taken seriously by various governments, who have allocated important resources in an attempt to stop this trend. Notable among the successful countries were a few East European countries 1 where fertility Cristina Bradatan is Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Central Florida. Her work examines the relationship between family relations in various social contexts (migration, poverty, political and economic transition). Current projects include a forthcoming article examining some nineteenthcentury theories of suicide and involvement into a large, collaborative project on Demographic and Social Change in Eastern Europe
Natural rock pools, tinajas, and constructed catchments in the Sonoran Desert provide water for a wide variety of organisms. In 2012, we monitored water quality and amphibian and dragonfly use of wildlife waters in southwestern Arizona, USA. We measured ammonia concentrations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines for aquatic life and were well above concentrations that cause mortality in amphibians and other aquatic organisms. Both amphibians and dragonflies had lower species richness in catchments than in the tinajas, and amphibian species richness was negatively associated with ammonia concentration. These concentrations of ammonia alone cause concern for the management of biodiversity, specifically for wetland‐dependent organisms. Furthermore, ammonia concentrations may be high enough to impact terrestrial organisms of economic and conservation importance including humans. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
In this paper, we study the patterns of women first union formation in Hungary. We use competing risk models (Cox regression) to analyze retrospective data (women sub sample, N=8931) from the Gender and Generations Survey for Hungary, wave 1. We found that cohabitation is increasing popular choice among the young cohorts in Hungary and it works as a marriage replacement for women who start their union career later in life. While there is a well defined tendency of the younger generations to choose cohabitation rather than marriage as a first union, the level of education, being in school, working status and ethnicity play an important role in taking this decision.
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