Este artículo aborda los años posteriores a la aprobación de la ordenanza de 1875, que reglamentó las casas de prostitución, para examinar su impacto en los sentidos morales atribuidos a ciertos lugares de ocio y sociabilidad masculina que dependían del trabajo femenino. Se trata de un periodo marcado por la aprobación de inéditos reglamentos sobre viviendas y lugares de sociabilidad en el marco de la construcción del poder municipal. En especial, argumenta que la noción de "prostitución clandestina" permite examinar la construcción cotidiana de la autoridad, los ámbitos municipales como escenarios de disputa entre derechos y los arreglos laborales entablados en estos lugares.
Over the past forty years, increasing attention to gender and sexuality in Brazilian historiography has given us a nuanced understanding of diverse ways in which women and men in Brazil’s past experienced patriarchy, racism, and other forms of oppression. As gender historians have shed light on how racialized and patriarchal gender and sexual roles have been reconstituted in different historical contexts, empirical studies in the field of social history have focused primarily on the historical agency of women, particularly non-elite women, who lived within or pushed against the confines of prescribed gender roles. Pioneering histories of sexual minorities have accompanied this trajectory since the 1980s, although this subfield has grown more slowly. A few nodal themes help to explain transformations in gender relations during each of the major periods of Brazil’s social and political history. Under the empire (1822–1889), honor is the entryway for analysis of gender and sexuality. Gendered standards of honor were critical tools used to mark class and racial boundaries, and to traverse them. Historians of the imperial period also stress the centrality of gender to the social, cultural, and economic networks built by members of various occupational, familial, and kinship groups. During the First Republic (1889–1930), the focus shifts to state vigilance and social control, together with debates over modernization of sexual and gender norms, particularly regarding urban space and prostitution. In the Vargas era (1930–1945), patriarchy and racialized sexuality formed the core of intellectual constructions of the nation’s history and identity, at the same time that homosexuality and women’s and worker’s rights generated intense debate. A new emphasis on domesticity emerged in the context of developmentalism in the 1950s, helping to spur a reaction in the form of the counterculture and sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s. The dictatorship (1964–1985) went to great lengths to suppress challenges to gender and sexual norms as part of its broader strategy to demobilize society and repress oppositional political movements. These challenges reemerged in the 1970s, when feminists and sexual minorities gained much greater visibility within a new wave of social movements. The 1988 constitution articulated these movements’ aspirations for social justice and equality through its foundational principal of human dignity. Significant legal changes followed over subsequent decades, including recognition of equal labor rights for domestic and sex workers, affirmative-action policies, and the legalization of same-sex marriage, in 2011. Despite notable setbacks, the momentum toward gender and sexual equality at the start of the 21st century was remarkable. This momentum was halted by the political coup that ousted the first woman president in 2016. The anti-feminist mood that accompanied the impeachment process underscored an overarching theme that runs through the historiography of gender and sexuality in Brazil: the centrality of gender to the major legal and political shifts that mark the nation’s history.
1 Cristiana Schettini 2Este artigo aborda uma variedade de relações estabelecidas entre homens e mulheres suspeitos de envolvimento com a exploração da prostituição por meio de processos de expulsão de estrangeiros no começo do século XX. As dimensões transnacionais de suas vidas, em especial seus deslocamentos entre Argentina e Brasil, são fundamentais para entender as estratégias de sobrevivência e as margens de ação. Palavras-chave: Proxenetismo, expulsão de estrangeiros, prostitutas. Exploration, gender, and South American circuits in the processes of expulsion of foreigners (1907-1920)Through records of expulsion of foreigners, this article discusses a myriad of relationships established between men and women that were suspect of involvement in the exploitation of prostitution. I argue that the transnational dimension of lives of women identified as victims of pimps in their voyages between Argentina and Brazil, is crucial to understand their strategies of survival and social networks.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1984-9222.2009v1n2p
Neste breve texto, as palavras de Emma Goldman sobre as trabalhadoras que se envolveram com o comércio sexual serão tomadas como um pretexto para uma reflexão sobre algumas questões relativas à pesquisa do tema no campo da história social e, em particular, sobre o lugar que as leis e as fontes judiciais ocuparam na historiografia brasileira sobre prostituição. Como efeito colateral, talvez esta aproximação nos aponte algum caminho para encontrar uma "Emma" que seja, ao mesmo tempo, um pouco familiar e também um pouco estranha aos nossos olhos feministas posicionados a um século de distância. 1 Para isso, quero retomar algumas redes de interlocução nas quais seu texto pode ser inserido. Depois, passo ao caso brasileiro, para terminar propondo dois exemplos de casos em que a atenção a marcos legais locais e o acesso a fontes judiciais que eles produziram podem revelar alguns sentidos que as histórias de tráfico adquiriram para mulheres que exerceram o comércio sexual no começo do século XX. Para isso, talvez o mais importante seja começar observando que toda a argumentação de Emma Goldman sobre o tráfico de mulheres está organizada em torno de uma distinção fundamental.
SUMMARY: This article explores the relationships between young European women who worked in the growing entertainment market in Argentine and Brazilian cities, and the many people who from time to time came under suspicion of exploiting them for prostitution. The international travels of young women with contracts to sing or dance in music halls, theatres, and cabarets provide a unique opportunity to reflect on some of the practices of labour intermediation. Fragments of their experiences were recorded by a number of Brazilian police investigations carried out in order to expel ''undesirable'' foreigners under the Foreigners Expulsion Act of 1907. Such sources shed light on the work arrangements that made it possible for young women to travel overseas. The article discusses how degrees of autonomy, violence, and exploitation in the artists' work contracts were negotiated between parties at the time, especially by travelling young women whose social experiences shaped morally ambiguous identities as artists, prostitutes, and hired workers.
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