Abstract:The use of cryogenic treatment (CT) to improve mechanical properties of materials has been developed from the end of the Sixties. At the present time, the initial mistrust about CT has been cleared up and many papers about different materials reporting laboratory tests results, microstructural investigations and hypothesis on CT strengthening mechanisms have been published. The removal of retained austenite combined with fine dispersed -carbides precipitation have been widely observed and their effects on mechanical properties have been measured. In addition, some recent studies have pointed out a different mechanism for fatigue strengthening of stainless steels, which involves nano-martensite formation during the CT. The present paper summarizes the state of art about CT, focusing on methods, parameters, results and assumed microstructural mechanisms, in order to get a starting point for new researches to come.
Internal combustion engines are at present used as the major power sources for transportation and power generator. Improvement of the internal combustion engine efficiency is expected due to strict environmental standards and energy costs. Any reduction in oil consumption, friction power losses and emissions results in improving engines’ performance and durability. Automotive industries have intense passion to increase engines’ efficiency to meet the fuel economy and emission standards. Many studies have been conducted to develop reliable approaches and models to understand the lubrication mechanisms and calculate power losses. This review paper summarizes the synthesis of the main technical aspects considered during modeling of piston ring–liner lubrication and friction losses investigations. The literature review highlights the effects of piston ring dynamics, components geometry, lubricant rheology, surface topography and adopted approaches, on frictional losses contributed by the piston ring-pack.
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