Los residuos de conchas de abanico son desechados en rellenos sanitarios sin previo tratamiento, contaminando grandes áreas del desierto costero peruano. Este trabajo busca analizar la resistencia a la compresión simple del concreto elaborado con yeso y residuos de conchas de abanico. El proceso de tratamiento de los residuos se realiza mediante la conversión de carbonato de calcio en óxido de calcio por medio de un proceso de calcinación. Los resultados del análisis térmico diferencial de la presente investigación, demostraron que la temperatura adecuada de calcinación es 890°C. La composición del yeso fue de 64.11 % de calcio y 33.81% azufre. La composición de la concha de abanico calcinada fue de 99.43% de calcio y 0.49 % de estroncio. Los resultados mostraron que la resistencia a la compresión del concreto experimental es 222 kg/cm2 frente a la resistencia patrón igual a 228 kg/cm2.
The soil analysis allows to know the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the projected soil, that is to say, the stratigraphic composition, the layers or strata that compose the different properties of the soil and its depth, as well as the depth at which its foundations should be made. It is important to recognize the type of soil because each of them has a specific property such as gravels are very permeable, sands have high capillarity, silts are suitable for compaction and clays are impermeable. Studies carried out on the soil, such as granulometry, allow it to be classified according to SUCS or AASHTO standards, moisture analysis allows the amount of water that is present together with the particles to be recognized, and the stratigraphic profile allows the heights of the soil layers and their color and texture to be known, consistency limits such as liquid limit and plastic limit allow it to be recognized if they have moldable properties, the specific gravity is an important factor in its design, the content of soluble salts allows to determine the type of cement to be used, the proctor test allows to know the compaction characteristics such as dry specific weight and optimum moisture and the direct shear test allows to recognize the angle of internal friction and cohesion present in the soil. The purpose of the soil study is to provide the necessary data to carry out the designs of engineering works, recognize the characteristics of the soil in situ, prevent possible problems in the future, as well as to establish the appropriate modifications to the construction processes and above all to guarantee the good operation of the building and to fulfill its useful lifetime.
I. INTRODUCTIONThe Parshall Flume, which was invented in 1920 by R. Parshall, is mostly used in wastewater and crop supply. Utilizing equations, Parshall established dimensions that fit the design, one of the advantages is the conversion of position energy to velocity energy since in other measurement structures there are minimum energy losses in this one it does not allow sedimentation. The structuring of the project is adhered to by different models that define its behavior and limit its use. This is the case of an approach length of the channel entrance, which is nothing more than a primary distance for the action of the flow within the channel. Throughout history, some studies were conducted in an attempt to establish an approximate and realistic value of the length at the time of measurements, but the theories put forward were lost. Some people link this length with the narrowing of the gorge, and others suggest flow conditions before entering the flume. For the development of the project established with its respective objectives, the respective structuring was carried out: For the measurement, the points already established in the field will be taken with the help of a total station, GPS, to verify the respective measurements of the Parshall flume. For the calculations and the design, the points will be introduced in the civil 3D to be able to verify if the points taken are the correct ones and what distances they have between them, through this, we can apply different methods to be able to verify the design that has this Parshall flume. For the evaluation and layout of the gutter, if it is the case, we will carry out a layout in plan with the data already calculated in the office and we will evaluate the situation in which it is so that we can apply a possible solution so that a defect does not occur. In this report, we focus on the design and redesign of a hydraulic irrigation channel where we find a Parshall section, which has the function of measuring the flow found in that section. The measurements found in the field can be verified in the office using formulas and software to verify if the data are correct, if so we can say that it is well designed, otherwise we will look for a possible solution by doing a field study.
Los diversos agentes erosivos, a los cuales son sometidas las estructuras de protección ribereña, aumentan su magnitud cada vez más, debido al constante cambio climático y al desarrollo que se produce en los pueblos cercanos al querer desplazar los cauces naturales y ampliar las zonas de cultivos. Ya que es objeto ingenieril hoy en día la realización de estructuras que tengan la capacidad de soportar las diversas cargas a las cuales sean sometidas de manera directa y moderar los efectos que puedan presentarse en la ribera del río. El objetivo es consolidar la información acerca de la erosión de estructuras y su efecto en inundaciones de zonas agrícolas. Las conclusiones muestran que el estudio de erosión de estructuras ribereñas y su efecto en inundaciones de zonas agrícolas, surge muchos factores que amenazan con el desgaste y la resistencia que pueden tener estas estructuras, provocando de esta manera un colapso inminente y afectando las áreas cultivadas, población y sus habitantes.
The following book chapter presents the essential components of concrete, being a material that can acquire any shape in the liquid state and is very resistant in the hardened state as well as being aesthetic to be used in a diversity of applications. References [1]A. Garófalo, “Evaluación físico-química de los cementos a partir de la correlación de sus propiedades asociadas con la producción de hormigón”, escuela superior politécnica del Litoral, Ecuador, 2015. [2]AFCP, “La industria del cemento y la sostenibilidad”, Argentina, 2014. [3]ASTM, “Especificación normalizada para cemento Portland C 150-07”, Estados unidos, 2007. [4]E. Riva, “Materiales para el concreto”, Ed. ICG, 3era edición, Lima, 2000. [5]Indecopi, “Norma Técnica Peruana NTP 334.001”, Lima, Perú ,2001. [6]P. Aching and W. Del Castillo, “Influencia del plastificante reductor de agua sika-cem en el concreto cemento arena-Iquitos, 2018”, tesis, Universidad científica del Perú, Loreto, Peru, 2018. [7]P. Valera, “Influencia de las propiedades físico –químicas del agua del río Shilcayo en la resistencia del concreto f´c= 210 kg/cm2, Tarapoto-2018”, tesis, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Tarapoto, Perú. [8]R. Salamanca, “Aplicación del cemento portland y los cementos adicionados”, ciencia e ingeniería Neogranadina, no. 10, pp. 33-38, 2001. [9]S. Laura, “Diseño de mezclas de concreto”, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Perú, 2006.
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