Resumen: este estudio tuvo como objetivo proponer un enfoque multidimensional de análisis de la sostenibilidad en la agroempresa asociativa rural. Se utilizó un muestreo dirigido seleccionando cuatro programas de acompañamiento al fortalecimiento de la asociatividad rural llevados a cabo en cuatro departamentos de Colombia: Antioquia, Cauca, Nariño y Valle del Cauca. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante 79 entrevistas semiestructuradas con diversos actores y posteriormente analizados utilizando análisis factorial. El estudio permitió construir un enfoque para el análisis de la sostenibilidad de organizaciones agroempresariales rurales a partir de la identificación de 50 variables que fueron agrupadas en dos componentes y tres subcomponentes: Socio organizacional (Capital social, Planeación organizacional e Integración territorial) y Empresarial (Económico, Productivo tecnológico y orientación al mercado), para la definición de un índice de sostenibilidad de la agroempresa rural (Isoar). El cálculo del Isoar permitió identificar que los dos subcomponentes menos destacados en todos los casos estudiados fueron el Productivo-Tecnológico y la Orientación al mercado, mientras en los casos más exitosos los componentes más destacados fueron el capital social y la integración territorial. Se concluye que el enfoque de sostenibilidad de las agroempresas asociativas rurales soportado en un modelo multidimensional constituye pilares para la formulación de políticas públicas.
ResumenLos servicios de extensión rural han contribuido al desarrollo agropecuario, sin embargo existe una brecha entre el conocimiento disponible y su adopción por parte de los agricultores, que dichos servicios no han logrado disminuir de manera sustancial. Por esta razón, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las tendencias de la investigación en extensión rural, que permitan identificar enfoques que contribuyan al planteamiento de recomendaciones para un servicio de extensión rural orientado al desarrollo de capacidades de autogestión de las comunidades rurales. Se identificaron como tendencias de la investigación sobre extensión rural el estudio de la problemática de la extensión, redes de innovación, análisis de redes sociales, asociatividad e intercambio de conocimientos. Estos resultados permiten inferir que la extensión rural con enfoque al desarrollo de capacidades de autogestión debe contemplar la planificación de abajo hacia arriba con la participación de los beneficiarios, la gestión del conocimiento, el desarrollo del capital social, tener en cuenta la especificidad del territorio y la consolidación de redes de intercambio de conocimientos e innovaciones.Palabras clave: desarrollo rural, enfoques de extensión, creación de capacidad, innovación, transferencia de tecnología
<p><strong>Background</strong>. The current challenges of agrifood chains make it necessary for them to be efficient from the point of view of production. This demands greater attention to the farmer's technological adoption process and to some aspects that may affect it. <strong>Objective.</strong> In<strong> </strong>this study a multivariate cluster analysis method was used, with the aim of identifying the influence of a farmer’s profile and their teaching–learning environment on the adoption of technology in avocado farming. <strong>Methodology</strong>. The investigation was conducted with 94 farmers in two rural municipalities, located in the same rural region. The questionnaire that was used included profile variables, learning styles, farmer learning preferences, and extension agent teaching methods. <strong>Results. </strong>Three clusters of adopters were formed and the technology adoption index was analyzed in seven categories, including 37 technologies and technological practices. The case study showed that the high adoption cluster included profiles of older farmers with experience and membership to producer organizations; this cluster was also the only group comprising a combination of farmers’ learning styles and preferences. However, the disconnection between an extension agent's teaching methods and the farmers’ learning is evident in all clusters. <strong>Implications</strong>. Our results provide important evidence regarding the importance of linking the profile, style, and learning preference in contextualized teaching methods, allowing for better development of farmers’ capacities for the adoption of technologies and practices. <strong>Conclusions</strong>. The analysis of clusters of adopters allowed farmers to be classified into high, medium and low rates of adoption of technology and technological practices. Each cluster presented certain differences in terms of learning styles and preferences, as well as a disconnection in the teaching-learning relationship.</p>
Forty-two samples of Tiaca Honey (Caldcluvia paniculata) obtained from beehives belonging to 14 apiaries (three honey samples per apiary) were collected at the end of January near Osorno (40°34′ S, 73°8′ W), Puyehue (40°40′ S, 72°37′ W) and Frutillar 41°7′ S, 72°59′ W) covering an area of 1240 km2. They presented the highest phenol contents (0.36 mg gallic acid equivalent/kg) and antioxidant power (1.27 mM equivalent of Fe+2/g of sample), and were among the highest for antiradical activity. Phenol contents and antioxidant power (r = 0.72, p-value < 0.01) and total phenol contents and antiradical activity (r = 0.69; p-value < 0.01) displayed linear correlations. Only two beeswax samples showed residues of the pesticide fenhexamid. The respective sites (Purranque [40°55′ S, 73°10′ W] and Coligual [40°49′ S, 72°54′ W]) were the only areas located near active farms. Additionally, the m/z value 163.1091 was found as an element to identify honeys. Data were used to construct a mapped suitability index ranking for pesticide-free areas with high biological quality. The provided chemical profiles will aid local beekeepers in obtaining international certifications, particularly for the EU market. In turn, the constructed maps indicate suitable areas for apiculture expansion, while differentiated pesticide detection in honey and beeswax requires further comparative research.
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