Recent evidence suggests that vascular calcification is an independent cardiovascular risk factor (CRF) of morbidity and mortality. New studies point out the existence of a complex physiopathological mechanism that involves inflammation, oxidation, the release of chemical mediators, and genetic factors that promote the osteochondrogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). This review will evaluate the main mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology and genetics modulation of the process of vascular calcification. Objective. A systematic review of the pathophysiology factors involved in vascular calcification and its genetic influence was performed. Methods. A systematic review was conducted in the Medline and PubMed databases and were searched for studies concerning vascular calcification using the keywords and studies published until 2020/01 in English. Inclusion Criteria. Studies in vitro, animal models, and humans. These include cohort (both retrospective and prospective cohort studies), case-control, cross-sectional, and systematic reviews. Exclusion Criteria. Studies before 2003 of the existing literature.
Background: Depression and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are highly prevalent in the elderly. Depression could be a CVD risk factor as well as an ailment sequela. Objective: To review diagnostical, pathophysiological, and therapeutic factors involved in depression-cardiovascular diseases. Methods: The research was carried out using the keywords of a 10-years range of published studies in Portuguese, English, and Spanish from Scielo and PubMed databases. Inclusion criteria: In vitro studies, cohort studies, case-control, and clinical trials. Studies out of time range, mean age <60 years, other psychiatric diseases were excluded.
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