COPD patients who initiated treatment with once-daily dosing had significantly higher adherence than other daily dosing frequencies. Better treatment adherence was found to yield reductions in healthcare resource utilization and cost.

Measurements: Drug utilization following initiation. Cox proportional hazards regression models controlled for demographics, case-mix, and concomitant treatments.Results: Records for 60,685 subjects were included: HCTZ (n ‫؍‬ 18,713), amlodipine (n ‫؍‬ 11,520), lisinopril (n ‫؍‬ 21,138), or valsartan (n ‫؍‬ 9314). Over 1 year, 31% to 44% of subjects utilized no treatment for at least 60 days. Medication possession ratio (MPR) and adherence measures ranged from 73% to 90%. Valsartan was associated with significantly (P < .001) more favorable measures of persistence, length of therapy, time to discontinuation, MPR, and risk of discontinuation, compared with HCTZ, amlodipine, or lisinopril. The risk of discontinuation was 53%, 32%, and 14% greater for HCTZ, amlodipine, and lisinopril, respectively, versus valsartan (all comparisons P < .001). Conclusion: Among antihypertensive agents studied, valsartan was associated with the most favorable utilization patterns. Health care providers and systems should evaluate the use of antihypertensive drugs within their populations to identify and manage treatment discontinuation. (J Am Board Fam Med 2007;20:72-80.)Hypertension is a common and eminently treatable risk factor for major cardiovascular events, including coronary heart disease and stroke.1 Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed nations, 2 and is expected to increase in worldwide importance during the next 20 to 50 years. 3 The prevalence of hypertension seems to be increasing in both developed nations, where it currently affects approximately 1 in 3 adults, 4 and in developing countries. 5Meta-analyses and meta-regression analyses of clinical trials in hypertension have reported that pharmacologic drug therapy significantly reduces cardiovascular events, which is largely attributable This article was externally peer reviewed.

BackgroundTo estimate the potential cost savings by following the current Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guideline recommendations in patients being treated for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with the combination of long-acting β2-agonist (LABA), long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) or inhaled corticosteroids (ICS).MethodsThe Geisinger Health System (GHS) database was utilized to identify subjects between January 1, 2004 to March 12, 2007. The index date was based on the first prescription of a LAMA plus LABA, LAMA plus LABA/ICS, or LABA plus ICS. Patients were included in the study if they: had a COPD diagnosis; had data representative of treatment 12 months prior to and 12 months post index date; were 40 years of age or over; had no prior diagnosis for asthma; and had pulmonary function test (PFT) data. We examined the baseline characteristics of these patients along with their healthcare resource utilization. Based on PFT data within 30 days of the index date, a subgroup was classified as adhering or non-adhering to GOLD guidelines.ResultsA total of 364 subjects could be classified as adhering or non-adherent to current GOLD guidelines based on their PFT results. The adherent subgroup received COPD medications consistent with current GOLD guidelines. Of the LAMA plus LABA cohort, 25 patients adhered and 39 patients were non-adherent to current GOLD guidelines. In the cohort of LABA plus ICS, 74 patients were adherent and 180 patients non-adherent to current GOLD guidelines. In the cohort of LAMA plus LABA/ICS, 21 patients were adherent and 25 patients non-adherent to current GOLD guidelines. GOLD adherence was associated with mean total cost of all services savings of $5,889 for LAMA plus LABA, $3,330 for LABA + ICS, and $10,217 for LAMA plus LABA/ICS cohorts.ConclusionStaging of COPD with a PFT and adherence to current GOLD guidelines was associated with lower costs in subjects with moderate to severe COPD. Appropriate use of LAMA plus LABA, LABA plus ICS, and LAMA plus LABA/ICS has economic as well as clinical benefits for patients and payers.

In the subset of patients assessed for secondary failure, although treatment initially reduced A1C values, more than one third experienced failure. Real-world studies of A1C goal attainment must follow patients on a long-term basis to assess the maintenance of glycemic control over time.

Aggressive public health efforts are needed to improve BP control in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension.

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Background: Morbidity and mortality for women with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are increasing, and little is known about gender differences in perception of COPD care. Methods: Surveys were administered to a convenience sample of COPD patients to evaluate perceptions about symptoms, barriers to care, and sources of information about COPD. Results: Data on 295 female and 273 male participants were analyzed. With similar frequencies, women and men reported dyspnea and rated their health as poor/very poor. Although more women than men reported annual household income < $30,000, no significant gender differences in frequency of health insurance, physician visits, or ever having had spirometry were detected. In adjusted models (1) women were more likely to report COPD diagnostic delay (odds ratio [OR] 1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-2.45, p = 0.01), although anxiety (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.10-3.06, p = 0.02) and history of exacerbations (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.08-2.37, p = 0.01) were also significant predictors, (2) female gender was associated with difficulty reaching one's physician (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.33-4.86, p = 0.004), as was prior history of exacerbations (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.21-4.20, p = 0.01), and (3) female gender (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.10-4.21, p = 0.02) was the only significant predictor for finding time spent with their physician as insufficient. Conclusions: Significant gender-related differences in the perception of COPD healthcare delivery exist, revealing an opportunity to better understand what influences these attitudes and to improve care for both men and women.

Despite improvements in the rates of treatment and glycemic control, approximately half of elderly patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus have hA1C levels of 7% or higher. Many patients suffer from comorbid conditions, which may present a challenge for successful diabetes mellitus management.