A proposed supplement to ASCE/SEI 41 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings has been developed for the purpose of updating provisions related to existing reinforced concrete buildings. Based on experimental evidence and empirical models, the proposed supplement includes revisions to modeling parameters and acceptance criteria for reinforced concrete beams, columns, structural walls, beam-column joints, and slab-column frames. The revisions are expected to result in substantially more accurate and, in most cases, more liberal assessments of the structural capacity of concrete components in seismic retrofit projects.

The 2009 NEHRP Provisions modified the definition of horizontal ground motion from the geometric mean of spectral accelerations for two components to the peak response of a single lumped mass oscillator regardless of direction. These maximum-direction (MD) ground motions operate under the assumption that the dynamic properties of the structure (e.g., stiffness, strength) are identical in all directions. This assumption may be true for some in-plan symmetric structures, however, the response of most structures is dominated by modes of vibration along specific axes (e.g., longitudinal and transverse axes in a building), and often the dynamic properties (especially stiffness) along those axes are distinct. In order to achieve structural designs consistent with the collapse risk level given in the NEHRP documents, we argue that design spectra should be compatible with expected levels of ground motion along those principal response axes. The use of MD ground motions effectively assumes that the azimuth of maximum ground motion coincides with the directions of principal structural response. Because this is unlikely, design ground motions have lower probability of occurrence than intended, with significant societal costs. We recommend adjustments to make design ground motions compatible with target risk levels.

The Applied Technology Council (ATC), with funding from the California Seismic Safety Commission developed the document, Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, commonly referred to as ATC 40. This two-volume, 612-page report provides a recommended procedure for the seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete buildings. Although the focus is specifically on concrete buildings, the document provides information on emerging techniques applicable to most building types. This paper provides an introduction and overview of the document. The conceptual basis of the procedures is performance-based design using nonlinear static structural analysis. The ATC 40 document comprises a practical guide to the entire evaluation and retrofit process. Topics include performance objectives, seismic hazard, determination of deficiencies, retrofit strategies, quality assurance procedures, nonlinear static analysis using the capacity spectrum method, modeling recommendations, foundation effects, and response limits.

Recent earthquakes have caused unacceptably high death tolls. We, the editors of the World Housing Encyclopedia, believe that reducing such an unacceptably high loss of life from earthquakes is the most important challenge facing the global earthquake engineering community. This paper acknowledges the continuing disparity between life loss from earthquakes in developing and developed countries, and the increasing vulnerability in developing countries. A sampling of current efforts to improve construction practices includes the publication of earthquake tips in India, construction manuals in Colombia, and the formation of various international networks to promote collaboration and information sharing. Future possibilities include more rewards for research into inadequately engineered construction, greater emphasis on small-scale, local efforts, and a stronger emphasis on advocacy. We believe that all of us, as earthquake professionals, have a responsibility to make the built environment safer worldwide.

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