Aims-Cannabinoid CB 2 agonists have been shown to alleviate behavioral signs of inflammatory and neuropathic pain in animal models. AM1241, a CB 2 agonist, does not demonstrate central nervous system side-effects seen with CB 1 agonists such as hypothermia and catalepsy. Metastatic bone cancer causes severe pain in patients and is treated with analgesics such as opiates. Recent reports suggest that sustained opiates can produce paradoxical hyperalgesic actions and enhance bone destruction in a murine model of bone cancer. In contrast, CB 2 selective agonists have been shown to reduce bone loss associated with a model of osteoporosis. Here we tested whether a CB 2 agonist administered over a 7 day period inhibits bone cancer-induced pain as well as attenuates cancerinduced bone degradation.Main Methods-A murine bone cancer model was used in which osteolytic sarcoma cells were injected into the intramedullary space of the distal end of the femur. Behavioral and radiographic image analysis was performed at days 7, 10 and 14 after injection of tumor cells into the femur.Key Findings-Osteolytic sarcoma within the femur produced spontaneous and touch evoked behavioral signs of pain within the tumor-bearing limb. The systemic administration of AM1241 acutely or for 7 days significantly attenuated spontaneous and evoked pain in the inoculated limb. Sustained AM1241 significantly reduced bone loss and decreased the incidence of cancer-induced bone fractures.Significance-These findings suggest a novel therapy for cancer-induced bone pain, bone loss and bone fracture while lacking many unwanted side effects seen with current treatments for bone cancer pain.
This study provides insight into the complex experience that mothers in the southeastern United States undergo when expressing milk for their VLBW infants.
Objective To determine the significance and impact of additional chloride testing as part of a diagnostic laboratory test battery for borderline primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). Study Design Retrospective database review of parathyroidectomy patients. Setting A tertiary care, academic health sciences center. Subjects and Methods Patients referred to a head and neck endocrine clinic for evaluation and treatment for pHPT. Results After exclusions, there were a total of 226 patients who underwent parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism with the requisite preoperative and postoperative labs. Seventy-seven additional patients who had a thyroid operation for a nonmalignant cause were included as controls. Of the 303 total patients, 166 had normal calcium levels (<10.4 mg/dL), and 54 (32.5%) also exhibited hyperchloremia (>106 mmol/L). Of the 47 patients with normal calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels (<88 pg/mL), 6 (12.8%) had hyperchloremia, and of the 118 patients with normocalcemic pHPT, 48 (40.7%) were hyperchloremic. The area under the curve for the Cl:PO4 was 0.712. When using a cutoff of 33, the reported sensitivity and specificity of the curve were 58.4% and 28.6%, respectively. Conclusion The Cl:PO4 ratio was a moderately sensitive test for the diagnosis of the borderline variants of primary hyperparathyroidism. The Ca:PO4 ratio was superior to the Cl:PO4 ratio. Our data also showed the superiority of preoperative calcium and ionized calcium over PTH when predicting the presence of pHPT.
The Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Bath has been conducting an undergraduate engine-related design exercise at Rolls-Royce, Bristol since 2000. Each year a team of six undergraduates complete an engine-related design project under supervision from the company between February and September. This work is coordinated and assessed at both the company and university, and counts overall as 20% of the student’s four-year degree. In addition to working at Rolls-Royce, the students submit reports and give seminars at the university. The design exercise is predominantly technical in nature but must include a significant business element. The students are paid as company employees, typically £7.2k for the six months. This paper describes the design exercise and how it is accommodated into the undergraduate programme of study at the University of Bath. The benefits to the university, the students and the company are discussed. In addition, the six students undertaking the 2005 exercise describe their projects. This year there were three projects, two of which were continuations from previous design exercises. The three projects are listed below. Aero-Engine Rotor-Dynamics (V Cheng and S Peet): An experimental and computation study of engine vibration using a rotor-dynamics rig, simulating the engine. The aim was to assess the accuracy and improve the modeling techniques used at Rolls-Royce. Implementing Design for Environment on Gas turbine engines using a Design Tool (W Mezzulo): A study to create a tool to enable the designer to evaluate the environmental aspects of the life of an engine component. Aero-thermodynamics of aero-engines (M Child, R Johnson and C Pattinson): Various design aspects of aero-engines, both computational and business. Note that M Child’s project is not discussed here for reasons of Rolls-Royce proprietary and confidentiality.
The International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) has offered a Professional Certification Program since 2004 as a means to recognizing the knowledge and experience of Systems Engineering professionals. To become an Associate Systems Engineering Professional (ASEP) or Certified Systems Engineering Professional (CSEP), a candidate must pass a timed, multiple-choice knowledge exam based on the INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook. This paper will describe the motivation and process of creating the INCOSE certification knowledge exam, as followed in 2014 to support the 2015 update of the exam. This paper will also capture the impacts of the ongoing updates to the Certification Program. The new exam, released on 1 May 2015, aligns with the 2015 release of the INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook version 4.
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