Twenty-six unclassified Campylobacterlike strains previously isolated from 15 chicken carcasses and caecal contents, together with two more strains isolated from chicken faeces on a different occasion, were identified as Helicobacter pullorum using various phenotypic identification methods. API Campy identification kits and a 16-test identification scheme developed for campylobacters failed to identify these bacteria, or identified them as Campylobacter spp. Eighteen strains (including the two isolated on a different occasion) were chosen for examination using a more comprehensive probabilistic identification scheme. Using this method, 14 of the 18 strains were identified as H. pullorum with ID scores ×95% ; two strains were also identified as H. pullorum with lower ID scores. Of the remaining two strains, one was not identified with this scheme and the other was misidentified to the H. acinonyx pylori complex. Whole cell protein profiling by SDS-PAGE confirmed the identity of these isolates as H. pullorum, affirming the value of a polyphasic approach for accurately identifying campylobacteria. The comparatively high prevalence of H. pullorum in poultry determined in this study (60%) suggests that routine isolation and identification methods should be amended to enable a thorough evaluation of its role in human gastroenteritis and avian hepatitis. Some phenotypic characters useful in identifying poultry campylobacteria are presented which could be utilized, along with other technique(s), for improved differentiation of the campylobacteria that are found in poultry.
Many times the development of the era has an impact on the loss of traditions, genetic relationship systems, and customs. Because things that are traditional are always considered as obstacles to progress. This research reveals the deviations and changes in genetic relationship in the Batak Toba community in the perspective of modernity. Data collection in this study uses a literature review approach. Many data sources are taken from various books, journals, and other sources related to deviations or changes in the genetic relationship system of the Batak Toba community in the perspective of modernity. After that there will be an evaluation, content analysis and criticism of the sources until the latest findings are obtained. The conclusion of the research is that socio-cultural changes in the second and third generation of Batak Toba people overseas tend to bring destructive changes, so that they no longer know the origin and genetic relationship system. This has led to a culture and identity crisis that in the end they no longer know the customs of the na tolu, ancestors and their origins.
This study aims to analyze the cultural meaning of monument building in the life of Toba Batak tribe in Pangururan and Palipi Subdistricts, Samosir Regency. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods that are relevant to the phenomenology methodology. The results of this study indicate that the general meaning of the monument building process contained in the lives of Batak Toba community in Samosir Regency can be categorized into two, namely the meaning of the monument buiding in terms of religion and culture. From the aspect of religion consists of (1) The Meaning of the Sacralization (2 ) The Meaning of the Position of Soul (3) The Meaning of the Blessing (4) The Meaning of Strengthening Alliance Bonds. From the aspect of monument building culture is considered a unifying bond between all descendants of the clan, and the ancestral spirits of clans, namely: (1) The Meaning of the Unifying Clans (2) The Meaning of the Conflict Resolution (3) The Meaning of the Raising Social Status. (4) The Meanings as Stamps for Regional Ownership (5) The Meanings of Clans Identity (6) The Meaning of Social Prestige Exhibition.
This study aims to analyze the meaning of monument in the life of Toba Batak tribe in Palipi Subdistrict, Samosir Regency. This research uses descriptive analytic method with phenomenology approach. Researchers in the phenomenological view try to understand the meaning of events and their relation to ordinary people in certain situations. The results of this study indicate that the monument is one place that will unite a clan and clan groups. The monument in Toba Batak community in Samosir is called the Procurement Monument where with the monument, a clan group will more often make offerings to its ancestors. In addition, with the existence of the monument, it is expected that fellow clans will meet and silaturrahmi relations will be maintained between clan relatives. In this study there were six monuments discussed as samples, namely Sitohang clan, Sinaga clan, Situmorang clan, Toga Pandiangan Tugu clan which was found in Palipi Subdistrict.
This library research aims to examine the existence of scientists as an independent science, which has a special method and at the same time the usefulness of anthropology in people's lives. The writing approach method used is a qualitative approach with a bibliographic method. This means that in writing this article the writer collects, selects, analyzes and presents various writings sourced from various literature books and other written sources. Syntheses from various sources are presented and assembled to obtain conclusions. The results of the literature review show that anthropology as an independent science fulfills the requirements for a philosophy of science that must contain elements of ontology, epistemology and axiology. These three elements are found in anthropology because anthropology has certain methods and benefits for many people's lives, which in the subsequent development of anthropology is not only a pure science but also an applied science.
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