The Personal Styles Inventory (PSI), a self‐report instrument designed to measure enduring, commonplace personality characteristics in each of three domains—ways of expressing emotions, activities, and thinking—is reviewed. The development and structure of the inventory are described. Counseling applications discussed include the following: enhancing self‐awareness, identifying sources of stress, counseling about careers, understanding interpersonal relations, providing consultation, and individualizing interventions. PSI research relative to personality test correlates, learning styles, behavior disorders, counseling implications, and alcohol abuse and dependence is presented.
Curative factors or therapeutic events beneficial to group members are a major concern in group psychotherapy. Yalom (1975) writes extensively on curative factors in his well-known text. Corsini and Rosenberg (1955), in their study of 300 pre-1955 articles, identified 175 statements which they subsumed under nine categories, or curative factors. Yalom and his colleagues (Liebermann et al., 1972;Yalom et al., 1967Yalom et al., , 1975 researched the relative importance of curative factors as perceived by group members. Based partly on these works, Yalom identified 60 curative items which he clustered into 12 curative factor categories: altruism, group cohesiveness, universality, interpersonal learning (input), interpersonal learning (output), guidance, catharsis, identification, family reenactment, self-understanding, instillation of hope, and existential factor. Subjects in the Yalom et al. study (1975) were welleducated, middle-socioeconomic-class outpatients in longterm therapy. Using the 60 items and a Q-sort method, group members ranked interpersonal learning (input), catharsis, and cohesiveness as the three important curative factors, and family reenactment, guidance, and identification as least important.Other researchers using Yalom's method have reported similar findings with various kinds of groups in various SMALL GROUP BEHAVIOR
Driving while intoxicated repeat offenders (N = 64) differed significantly from first-time offenders (N = 174) on 12 of 24 normal personality characteristics as measured by the Personal Styles Inventory. Findings are inconsistent with stereotypes of drunken drivers as sensation seekers. Repeat offenders were significantly less expressive emotionally and less flexible in ways of finding stimulation than first-time offenders. Although both groups had self-reported problem drinking on the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test and consisted of high proportions of men, neither of these two variables differentiated repeat from first-time offenders. The findings extend Kunce and Newton's (1989) descriptive study of normal and psychopathological characteristics of individuals with chronic problems of alcohol abuse/dependence and further indicate a need for differentiating counseling interventions with regard to normal as well as maladaptive personality attributes.
Comparison of the Two Groups on Measures of Time Reference. . 68 5. Comparison of the Two Groups on Use of N e g a t i v e s ........ 70 6. Comparison of the Two Groups on Measures of Clearness of E x p r e s s i o n .
This was a non-analogue study of the effects of assertion training on depression. Twenty-six moderately depressed females (X = 21.3 years) were assigned randomly to assertion training or delay-control groups. Results partially supported the effectiveness of treatment. Experimental Ss became significantly more assertive and engaged in significantly more activities than controls, and effects of treatment continued after treatment ended. Eight weeks after treatment, the experimental Ss' scores indicated significantly less depression than at posttesting. Both experimental Ss and delya controls reported a significant decrease in depression from pre- to posttest. The two groups were not significantly different in reported depression at posttesting. Other findings included: (1) significant negative correlations between measures of depression and assertiveness; (2) no significant interactions between S type (client and volunteer) and outcome; and (3) no significant interactions between length of time depressed and outcome.
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