The basis for selecting a cofiring rate of 20% biomass centers on the assumption that this level of substitution for coal can be accomplished when providing a biomass feedstock that is compatible with the existing power plant coal conveyors, grinders, pneumatic feed lines/injectors, and burner arrangements. Untreated biomass is does not pulverize effectively with coal. Torrefaction is one method of improving the milling and grinding characteristics of biomass. Although additional work is needed to confirm this assumption, preliminary measurement of the grindability of torrefied biomass and coal indicate wood and switchgrass can be pulverized in existing coal milling operations. Higher percentages of biomass cofiring may also be possible, but are not considered in this assessment. Details about the feedstock logistics and cost models, power plant model development and validation, LCOE and LCA calculations, and a comparison with a similar cofiring study completed by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) are provided in Appendices to the report. The main body provides a summary of the key assumptions, modeling results, and general observations. Some key outcomes of the simulation predictions are tabulated here. Scenario Biomass for 20% Cofire (dry ton/yr) Lowest Biomass Supply Cost
Abstract-Recent advances in technology for video games have made a broad array of haptic feedback devices available at low cost. This paper presents a bi-manual haptic system to enable an operator to weld remotely using a commercially available haptic feedback video game device for the user interface. The system showed good performance in initial tests, demonstrating the utility of low cost input devices for remote haptic operations.
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