Investigating future migration intentions as a proxy of future migration behaviours is useful to capture a more complete understanding of the entire migration process.This also allows a fuller consideration of the policy implications of these intentions for the origin and destination countries. The aim of this paper is to analyse the individual factors associated with the return migration intentions of first-generation migrants living in Italy, a new immigration country, whose migrants' return intentions have been little explored so far. We use data from the survey on the "Social Condition and Integration of Foreign Citizens" carried out by ISTAT in 2011-2012, and we apply a binary logistic regression model. The results show both the complexity and the interconnection of the factors associated with return migration intentions and that migration projects, histories, and goals count more than legal status for return intentions. Moreover, results prove that return migration intentions are influenced by conflicting processes, whose outcomes are not always easy to schematize: integration is a factor that tends to strengthen the ties with the country of residence, whereas transnationalism reinforces those with the country of origin. These factors should be considered by policymakers, especially when immigration assumes a crucial role in the receiving countries' labour market structure and population dynamics, such as in the case of Italy. Different migratory backgrounds, profiles, histories, and projects will require in-depth examination by scientists and policymakers, because the long-term ability and willingness of a host country to attract and retain migrants should be adapted accordingly.
This paper sets out to evaluate the effects of the economic crisis on foreign workers in Italy. Unlike other countries, in Italy the number of foreign workers has increased during the crisis. Taking the relative measures into account, it is evident that the crisis has affected male foreigners more than Italian workers. The longitudinal data of the Labour Force Survey allow the labour market transitions before and during the employment crisis to be taken into consideration. These data show that the crisis has mainly hit male workers, and in particular foreigners. The application of multinomial logistic regression models to employment transitions shows that, maintaining structural variables under control, the penalisation of foreigners has not changed during the crisis. This is certainly due to the specific impact of the crisis on the Italian economy, but also the structural role that foreigners play in the labour market.
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