Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a symbiosis between plants and AM fungi that requires the intracellular accommodation of the fungal partner in the host. For reciprocal nutrient exchange, AM fungi form intracellular arbuscules that are surrounded by the peri-arbuscular membrane. This membrane, together with the fungal plasma membrane, and the space in between, constitute the symbiotic interface, over which nutrients are exchanged. Intracellular establishment of AM fungi requires the VAPYRIN protein which is induced in colonized cells, and which localizes to numerous small mobile structures of unknown identity (Vapyrin-bodies). In order to characterize the identity and function of the Vapyrin-bodies we pursued a dual strategy. First, we co-expressed fluorescently tagged VAPYRIN with a range of subcellular marker proteins, and secondly, we employed biochemical tools to identify interacting partner proteins of VAPYRIN. As an important tool for the quantitative analysis of confocal microscopic data sets from co-expression of fluorescent proteins, we developed a semi-automated image analysis pipeline that allows for precise spatio-temporal quantification of protein co-localization and of the dynamics of organelle association from movies. Taken together, these experiments revealed that Vapyrin-bodies have an endosomal identity with trans-Golgi features, and that VAPYRIN interacts with a symbiotic R-SNARE of the VAMP721 family, that localizes to the same compartment.
125 1. Prescrit ou prescription, utilisé dans le texte de manière synonyme. 2. Terminologie retenue et faisant consensus dans les prescrits au niveau suisse. 3. Un concept cantonal est la redéfinition, par chaque canton, de la prise en charge des élèves à besoins éducatifs particuliers du point de vue légal, financier, structurel, etc., et doit s'inscrire dans le Concordat (CDIP, 2007), pour autant que le canton y ait souscrit (ce qui est le cas pour les cantons romands cités dans l'article).
Le présent article, s’inscrivant dans le champ de la sociologie des organisations et de la psychologie ergonomique, met en avant, à la suite de résultats d’une recherche doctorale basés sur la méthode inductive de la théorie ancrée (Glaser et Strauss, 2010), trois profils de formateurs d’enseignants dans leur rapport aux prescrits à plus d’égalité. Il questionne les normes dans la formation des maîtres et la valeur éventuellement rhétorique d’un prescrit actuel revendiquant un plus d’égalité, voire d’intégration/inclusion. Il fera mention de temps d’auto-prescription, entre libre-arbitre et contraintes normatives s’agissant des formateurs d’enseignants en milieux tertiaires.
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