This paper presents the EPFL proposal to MPEG-4 video coding standardization activity 1 . The proposed technique is based on a novel approach to audio-visual data compression entitled dynamic coding. The newly born multimedia environment supports a plethora of applications which can not be covered adequately by a single compression technique. Dynamic coding o ers the opportunity t o combine several compression techniques and segmentation strategies. Given a particular application, these two degrees of freedom can be constrained and assembled in order to produce a particular pro le which meets the set of speci cations dictated by the application.The basic principles of this approach are presented together with the data representation system. The major characteristics of dynamic coding are reviewed, along with simulation results showing the performance of such an approach i n a v ery low bitrate video coding environment.
In this paper, we present a n o v erview of the dynamic coding approach, together with recent developments carried out in this framework. Dynamic coding is a general approach to the problem of visual data representation in the context of multimedia. This approach consists in a dynamic combination of multiple representation models and segmentation strategies. Given an application, these two degrees of freedom are assembled so as to yield a speci c pro le which meets the specications dictated by the application. The data is represented as the union of data segments, each described within a locally appropriate representation model . In order to illustrate this approach, a video compression system, based on the principles of dynamic coding, is proposed in the context of video-telephone conference applications. This algorithm has been submitted to the MPEG-4 committee as a proposal for the rst round of tests in November 1995. Recent developments have been added: in particular, a procedure enabling the generation of an object-oriented scalable bitstream is presented here. In order to reduce the blocking artifacts which are noticeable at high compression ratios, a post-processing technique is proposed.
Despite the strong presence of Chinese scientists in genome-editing research, little attention has been paid to the legal, economic, and scientific development of patented CRISPR technologies in China. In this study, we focus on CRISPR patent documents from academic and industrial Chinese players to assess their positioning on this breakthrough technology. We review the fields of application and the CRISPR components claimed in the relevant patent documents. Our results show different profiles observed for academic or industrial assignees. Most of the patent families in our data set cover applications in genome editing and nucleic-acid detection for human therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Trends in the patent data since 2014 confirm that China' R&D has rapidly developed a significant CRISPR patent landscape of its own, covering a diverse range of systems and applications. These recent developments deserve closer scrutiny from the international CRISPR community.
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