Retention of poorly deformable red blood cells (RBCs IntroductionRetention of poorly deformable red blood cells (RBCs) by the human spleen has been recognized as a critical determinant of pathogenesis of several RBC disorders, including hereditary spherocytosis and malaria. The severity of hereditary spherocytosis (HS), a syndrome resulting from mutations of RBC membrane proteins, 1 is related to the extent of decreased membrane surface area. Splenic retention is the dominant mechanism responsible for reduced life span of HS-RBCs, such that splenectomy is beneficial in reducing anemia in symptomatic HS patients. 1 Changes of RBC mechanical properties have also been observed in blood stored for 3 weeks or longer. 2 Prolonged storage influences the survival of RBCs after transfusion 3 and probably contributes to transfusion-related side effects, including respiratory distress and systemic sepsis. [3][4][5] Not least, the deformability of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (Pf-RBCs) is also central in malaria pathogenesis. It progressively decreases as P falciparum matures in its host RBCs, from rings (ring-RBCs) 6 to trophozoites and then to schizonts. 7,8 When mature stages are sequestered in small vessels, they escape retention in the spleen. Ring-RBCs only rarely adhere to endothelial cells 9 and are found in the peripheral blood circulation. 10,11 We recently showed that a fraction of ring-RBCs is retained in isolated-perfused human spleens. 12 Ring-RBCs accumulated upstream from interendothelial slits, a spleen-specific microanatomic structure that retains RBCs with reduced deformability (rigid-RBCs). [13][14][15] In brief, in malaria as in several other RBC disorders, extensive RBC retention in the spleen is associated with anemia, 1,16,17 whereas impaired retention potentially favors adverse events, such as acute microvascular obstruction in malaria patients, 18,19 late vascular disorders in splenectomized patients with HS or thalassemia, 20,21 and acute organ dysfunction in critically ill patients transfused with "older" blood. 4 Exploration of how the human spleen senses poorly deformable RBCs would be facilitated by a physiologically relevant in vitro approach simpler than the ex vivo spleen perfusion system. To experimentally replicate the mechanical sensing of RBC by the splenic microcirculation, we first analyzed the fine structure of interendothelial slits in the human spleen. We realized that the geometry of narrow and short interendothelial slits would be accurately mimicked by spaces between microbeads. We then allowed RBCs to flow through a The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked ''advertisement'' in accordance with 18 USC section 1734. For personal use only. on April 8, 2019. by guest www.bloodjournal.org From mixture of 5-to 25-m-diameter microbeads. Heated RBCs, Pf-RBCs, and RBCs from patients with HS were retained in the microbead layer without hemolysis. The r...

We describe the clinical, hematologic and genetic characteristics of a retrospective series of 126 subjects from 64 families with hereditary xerocytosis. Twelve patients from six families carried a KCNN4 mutation, five had the recurrent p.Arg352His mutation and one had a new deletion at the exon 7-intron 7 junction. Forty-nine families carried a PIEZO1 mutation, which was a known recurrent mutation in only one-third of the cases and private sequence variation in others; 12 new probably pathogenic missense mutations were identified. The two dominant features leading to diagnosis were hemolysis that persisted after splenectomy and hyperferritinemia, with an inconstant correlation with liver iron content assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. PIEZO1 -hereditary xerocytosis was characterized by compensated hemolysis in most cases, perinatal edema of heterogeneous severity in more than 20% of families and a major risk of post-splenectomy thrombotic events, including a high frequency of portal thrombosis. In KCNN4 -related disease, the main symptoms were more severe anemia, hemolysis and iron overload, with no clear sign of red cell dehydration; therefore, this disorder would be better described as a ‘Gardos channelopathy’. These data on the largest series to date indicate that PIEZO1 -hereditary xerocytosis and Gardos channelopathy are not the same disease although they share hemolysis, a high rate of iron overload and inefficient splenectomy. They demonstrate the high variability in clinical expression as well as genetic bases of PIEZO1 -hereditary xerocytosis. These results will help to improve the diagnosis of hereditary xerocytosis and to provide recommendations on the clinical management in terms of splenectomy, iron overload and pregnancy follow-up.

Key Points The Gardos channel is a potassium channel involved in red cell volume modification. A mutation in KCNN4 encoding the Gardos channel is presented as the genetic basis for a new type of hereditary xerocytosis.

Evans syndrome (ES) is a rare autoimmune disorder whose long-term outcome is not well known. In France, a collaborative pediatric network set up via the National Rare Disease Plan now provides comprehensive clinical data in children with this disease. Patients aged less than 18 years at the initial presentation of autoimmune cytopenia have been prospectively included into a national observational cohort since 2004. The definition of ES was restricted to the simultaneous or sequential association of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Cases were deemed secondary if associated with a primitive immunodeficiency or systemic lupus erythematosus. In December 2014, we analyzed the data pertaining to 156 children from 26 centers with ES whose diagnosis was made between 1981 and 2014. Median age (range) at the onset of cytopenia was 5.4 years (0.2–17.2). In 85 sequential cases, the time lapse between the first episodes of AIHA and ITP was 2.4 years (0.1–16.3). The follow-up period as from ES diagnosis was 6.5 years (0.1–28.8). ES was secondary, revealing another underlying disease, in 10% of cases; various associated immune manifestations (mainly lymphoproliferation, other autoimmune diseases, and hypogammaglobulinemia) were observed in 60% of cases; and ES remained primary in 30% of cases. Five-year ITP and AIHA relapse-free survival were 25 and 61%, respectively. Overall, 69% of children required one or more second-line immune treatments, and 15 patients (10%) died at the age of 14.3 years (1.7–28.1). To our knowledge, this is the first consistent long-term clinical description of this rare syndrome. It underscores the high rate of associated immune manifestations and the burden of long-term complications and treatment toxicity. Future challenges include (1) the identification of the underlying genetic defects inducing immune dysregulation and (2) the need to better characterize patient subgroups and second-line treatment strategies.

SummaryAcute splenic sequestration crisis (ASSC) is an unpredictable life-threatening complication of sickle cell disease (SCD) in infants. Here, our objective was to update available clinical information on ASSC. We retrospectively studied the 190 patients who were diagnosed at birth with SS or Sbeta 0 in the Paris conurbation between 2000 and 2009 and who experienced ASSC. They had 437 ASSC episodes (0AE06/patient-year). Median age at the first episode was 1AE4 years (0AE1-7) and 67% of patients had more than one episode. Age was the only factor predicting recurrence: the risk was lower when the first episode occurred after 2 years versus before 1 year of age (hazard ratio, 0AE60; 95% confidence interval, 0AE41-0AE88; P = 0AE025). A concomitant clinical event was found in 57% of episodes. The mortality rate was 0AE53%. The treatment consisted in watchful waiting without prophylactic blood transfusions or splenectomy in 103 (54%) patients and in a blood transfusion programme in 55 (29%) patients. Overall, splenectomy was performed in 71 (37%) patients, at a median age of 4AE5 years (range, 1AE9-9AE4). In conclusion, aggressive treatment may be warranted in patients experiencing ASSC before 2 years of age. Randomized controlled trials are needed to define the best treatment modalities.

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Exposure to HPV vaccines was not associated with an increased risk of ADs within the time period studied. Results were robust to case definitions and time windows of exposure. Continued active surveillance is needed to confirm this finding for individual ADs.

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