Filamentous phytopathogens, such as fungi and oomycetes, secrete effector proteins to establish successful interactions with their plant hosts. In contrast with oomycetes, little is known about effector functions in true fungi. We used a bioinformatics pipeline to identify Blumeria effector candidates (BECs) from the obligate biotrophic barley powdery mildew pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh). BEC1-BEC5 are expressed at different time points during barley infection. BEC1, BEC2 and BEC4 have orthologues in the Arabidopsis thaliana-infecting powdery mildew fungus Golovinomyces orontii. Arabidopsis lines stably expressing the G. orontii BEC2 orthologue, GoEC2, are more susceptible to infection with the non-adapted fungus Erysiphe pisi, suggesting that GoEC2 contributes to powdery mildew virulence. For BEC3 and BEC4, we identified thiopurine methyltransferase, a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, and an ADP ribosylation factor-GTPase-activating protein (ARF-GAP) as potential host targets. Arabidopsis knockout lines of the respective HvARF-GAP orthologue (AtAGD5) allowed higher entry levels of E. pisi, but exhibited elevated resistance to the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. We hypothesize that ARF-GAP proteins are conserved targets of powdery and downy mildew effectors, and we speculate that BEC4 might interfere with defence-associated host vesicle trafficking.

Cereal crop yield is determined by different yield components such as seed weight, seed number per spike and the tiller number and spikes. Negative correlations between these traits are often attributed to resource limitation. However, recent evidence suggests that the same genes or regulatory modules can regulate both inflorescence branching and tillering. It is therefore important to explore the role of genetic correlations between different yield components in small grain cereals. In this work, we studied pleiotropic effects of row type genes on seed size, seed number per spike, thousand grain weight, and tillering in barley to better understand the genetic correlations between individual yield components. Allelic mutants of nine different row type loci (36 mutants), in the original spring barley varieties Barke, Bonus and Foma and introgressed in the spring barley cultivar Bowman, were phenotyped under greenhouse and outdoor conditions. We identified two main mutant groups characterized by their relationships between seed and tillering parameters. The first group comprises all mutants with an increased number of seeds and significant change in tiller number at early development (group 1a) or reduced tillering only at full maturity (group 1b). Mutants in the second group are characterized by a reduction in seeds per spike and tiller number, thus exhibiting positive correlations between seed and tiller number. Reduced tillering at full maturity (group 1b) is likely due to resource limitations. In contrast, altered tillering at early development (groups 1a and 2) suggests that the same genes or regulatory modules affect inflorescence and shoot branching. Understanding the genetic bases of the trade-offs between these traits is important for the genetic manipulation of individual yield components.

Key message Awn length was mapped using a multiparent population derived from cv. Morex and four wild accessions. One QTL was fine mapped and candidate genes were identified in NILs by RNA-seq. AbstractBarley awns are photosynthetically active and contribute to grain yield. Awn length is variable among both wild and cultivated barley genotypes and many mutants with alterations in awn length have been identified. Here, we used a multiparent mapping population derived from cv. Morex and four genetically diverse wild barley lines to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for awn length. Twelve QTLs, distributed over the barley genome, were identified with the most significant one located on chromosome arm 7HL (QTL AL7.1). The effect of AL7.1 was confirmed using near isogenic lines (NILs) and fine-mapped in two independent heterogeneous inbred families to a < 0.9 cM interval. With exception of a small effect on grain width, no other traits such as plant height or flowering time were affected by AL7.1. Variant calling on transcripts obtained from RNA sequencing reads in NILs was used to narrow down the list of candidate genes located in the interval. This data may be used for further characterization and unravelling of the mechanisms underlying natural variation in awn length.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00122-016-2807-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.